Gottfried Leibniz  “Why is there something rather than nothing”  Mind-body problem (mind-brain problem) If universe is composed of matter and energy, how is there consciousness? How did [...]

Anatomy of ieurons and Glia Nervous system contains 2 kinds of cells: ieurons: receive info and transmit it to other cells Glia: many functions Brain is composed of individual [...]

Cajal: anatomically demonstrated narrow gap separating neurons Sherrington: physiologically demonstrated communication between neuron and next differs from communication along single axon Synapse --> specialized gap between neurons The Properties [...]

 STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRAE iERVOUS SYSTEM  Terminology to Describe the iervous System CiS (central nervous system): brain and spinal cord PiS (peripheral nervous system): connect brain and spinal cord [...]

DEVELOPMEiT OF THE BRAIi  Maturation of the Vertebrae Brain Human CNS begins to form when embryo is 2 weeks old; dorsal surface thickens, long thin lips ride, curl, form, [...]

General Principles of Perception Perceive an object when it emits/reflects energy that stimulates receptors that transmit information to your brain Rene Descartes  believed that brain-s representation of a [...]

Audition Sound and the Ear Physics and Psychology of Sound Amplitude  a sound wave-s intensity (lightning bolts) Loudness  sensation related to amplitude but not identical to it [...]

BRAIN MECHANISMS OF MOVEMENT The Cerebral Cortex Direct electrical stimulation of primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex, just anterior to the central sulcus) elicits movement  [...]

 TEMPERATURE REGULATION Homeostasis and Allostasis Cannon introduced homeostasis (temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within fixed range The range is so narrow that we refer [...]

LEARNING, MEMORY, AMNESIA AND BRAIN FUNCTIONING Localized Representations of Memory What happens in the brain drring learning and memory? Pavlov  classical conditioning (pairing 2 stimrli changes the response [...]

LATERALIZATION OF FUNCTION           Hrman brain is asymmetrical (left hemisphere is somewhat different from right) The Left and Right Hemispheres Left hemisphere of cerebral cortex connected to skin receptors [...]