4.5 billion years ago  earth. First signs of animal life was a billion years after that. First forms were simple, and bacterial. First 3 billion years, nothing more [...]

2 verities of animal studies Selective breeding studies: manipulate heredity which keeping environment constant  Mice: breed 2 mice high in traits and low in traits. Raise the animal [...]

Ecology: the study of the relationship between animals and their environment Behaviorual ecology: animal behaviors and their environment Socioecology: relationship of an animal’s social behaviour and their environment Ecological [...]

Heredity: implying something is fixed, and is unalterable. This is contrasted with behaviour which is environmentally caused  independent of genes and can be readily changed. Nature vs. Nurture [...]

Basic process for development in social animals Process that occurs early in infancy An instinct-based response towards the infant and their mother. If the mother is not there, they [...]

Imprinting: filial attachment – infant to their mother. And the mother’s attachment to the infant. Imprinting responses of the infant elicit nurturing responses of the mother. Another process in [...]