Weak AI Partificial intelligence)
-the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool
-ex: enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a precise fashion
Strong AI Partificial intelligence)
-The computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind
-The appropriate programmed computer really IS a mind and has cognitive states
-The programs are themselves the explanations, not the tools to find the explanations
Schank’s Program
-the aim of the program is to simulate the human ability to understand stories
-i.e. if asked about restaurants, the program can look through all possible representations about restaurants and answer accordingly.
Strong AI definitions:
-In this question and answer sequence, the machine not only simulates human ability but also:
-understands the story and provides the answers to questions -explains the human ability to understand and answer questions
Serle says:
-The computer’s understanding is zero.
The Systems Reply PBerkeley)
-If a person is given English instructions to write formal Chinese, but knows no Chinese, does he understand it?
-This systems reply answers “no” – he only understands a subset of Chinese through his own English language.
McCarthy’s View:
-Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance.
-Does not believe in strong AI.
The Robot Reply PYale)
-The robot has the computer ‘brain’ system in it.
-All it is doing is moving around, following instructions and manipulating formal symbols.
The Brain Simulator Reply PBerkeley and M.I.T.)
-It simulates the wrong things about the brain -It simulates only the formal structure
The Combination Reply PBerkeley and Stanford)
-Combining the three previous replies: states the robot has intentionality.
-But, if the man controls the robot, then that implies the robot does not have intentionality.
The Other Minds Reply PYale):
-More than just complex behavioral attributions.
The Many Mansions Reply PBerkeley)
-No purely formal model will ever be sufficient by itself for intentionality because the formal properties are not themselves constitutive of intentionality and have no causal powers
Could a machine think?
-Serle answers yes, because we are machines.
Could an artifact, a man-made machine think?
-If it has the same chemical and physical makeup as humans, then yes.
Could a digital computer think?
-Yes, because we as humans are instantiations of a number of computer programs
Could something think, understand etc if it is a computer with the right sort of program?
-No.
-Because the formal symbol manipulations by themselves don’t have any intentionality.
Information processing
The computer processes information but not like humans do. It manipulates formal symbols
Dualism and Strong AI
-In order to accept the strong AI argument, you would have to be a dualist: the mind has no intrinsic connection with the actual properties of the brain.
Early computers:
-Called electronic brains