{"id":3801,"date":"2018-07-21T20:43:26","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T00:43:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3801"},"modified":"2019-05-25T22:28:01","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T02:28:01","slug":"4-birth-and-the-newborn-infant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/child-psychology\/4-birth-and-the-newborn-infant\/","title":{"rendered":"Birth and the Newborn Infant"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Stages of Birth<\/p>\n<p>1.Stage one\u00ad process of reaching full cervical dilation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Latent phase\u00ad contractions become more frequent\/strong\/regular\n<ul>\n<li>Cervical effacement\u00ad thinning<\/li>\n<li>Most variable. Up to 20hrs for 1st time, 10\u00ad12hrs 2nd time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>If membrane ruptures, labor speeds up<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Active phase\u00ad most rapid cervical dilation\n<ul>\n<li>Most predictable 5hrs for 1st time, 2hrs for 2nd time<\/li>\n<li>Deceleration Phase\u00ad aka transition\u00ad cervical dilation slows; fetus is lower in pelvis<\/li>\n<li>Vomiting, uncontrollable shaking normal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Stage 2\u00ad delivery of baby. Mom actively pushes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2\u00ad3 hours for 1st time, shorter for 2nd<\/li>\n<li>Episiotomy\u00ad incision to increase vaginal opening<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Stage 3\u00ad passage of the placenta<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Speed up thru breastfeeding; pitocin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Testing the Neonate<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neonate\u00ad newborn<\/li>\n<li>Apgar score\u00ad 1 minutes after birth, again 5 minutes<\/li>\n<li>0\u00ad2\n<ul>\n<li>1.Appearance\u00ad skin coloration\u00ad pink hands and feet<\/li>\n<li>2.Pulse\u00ad heart rate\u00ad above 100 BPM<\/li>\n<li>3.Grimace response\u00ad to mild pinch\u00ad pull away, cry, sneeze, cough<\/li>\n<li>4.Activity and muscle tone\u00ad active, spontaneous movement<\/li>\n<li>5.Respiration\u00ad breathing rate\/effort\u00ad good cry\n<ul>\n<li>Only designed to see if the baby needs immediate medical care<\/li>\n<li>NOT predictive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Physical Appearance of Neonate<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1.Cone\u00ad Shaped Head\u00ad compressed during birth<\/li>\n<li>2.Vernix\u00ad greasy, cheese\u00adlike substances<\/li>\n<li>3.Lanugo\u00ad soft, downy hair, esp. on shoulders, back, forehead, and cheeks 4.Blood, ect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bonding\u00ad close physical\/ emotional contact between parent and neonate immediately after birth<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>NOT &#8220;now or never&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Needless guilt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gentle massage\u00ad chemicals that contribute to growth<\/p>\n<p>Alternative Approaches to Childbirth<\/p>\n<p>1.Lamaze\u00ad emphasizes breathing and having a birth partner<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Allows for epidural<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>2.Bradley method\u00ad presence of partner; no use of drugs\/ surgery\/ tools<\/p>\n<p>3.Hypnobirth\u00ad self\u00adhypothesis; staying focused<\/p>\n<p>4.Home birth\u00ad not recommended if diabetic\/ high blood pressure\/ preterm labor<\/p>\n<p>5.Water delivery\u00ad buoyancy may help relieve discomfort\/pressure<\/p>\n<p>Childbirth Attendants<\/p>\n<p>1.Obstetrician\u00ad doctors who specialize in delivering babies<\/p>\n<p>2.Midwives\u00ad nurses who specialize in delivering babies<\/p>\n<p>Used when no complications are expected<\/p>\n<p>2.Doulas\u00ad provide emotional support; no medical background<\/p>\n<p>Birth Complications<\/p>\n<p>1.Preterm Infants\u00ad less than 38 weeks gestation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Higher risk of illness\/death\u00ad degree largely dependent on size<\/li>\n<li>Low birthrate\u00ad less than 5 1\/2 lbs.<\/li>\n<li>Average is 7 1\/2 lbs.<\/li>\n<li>Small for gestational age\u00ad smaller than average for # of weeks of pregnancy<\/li>\n<li>Below 10th percentile<\/li>\n<li>Respiratory distress syndrome\u00ad difficulty breathing<\/li>\n<li>Lack of surfactant\u00ad slippery substance; keeps air sacs from collapsing<\/li>\n<li>Easily overwhelmed by stimuli<\/li>\n<li>Uncoordinated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2.Very low birthweight infants\u00ad less than 2 1\/4 lbs<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Extremely premature. Less than 25 weeks has 50\/50 chance of survival<\/li>\n<li>Incredibly expensive<\/li>\n<li># increasing due to more multiple births<\/li>\n<li>Read section on causes of Preterm and Low\u00ad Birthweight infants<\/li>\n<li>Postmature infants\u00ad not yet born after 42 weeks\u00ad 2 weeks overdue<\/li>\n<li>Placenta ages and fail<\/li>\n<li>Malnutrition; lack of oxygen0\u00ad brain damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>May inhale fecal matter\u00ad pneumonia\n<ul>\n<li>More difficult birth for mother<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2.Cesarean delivery\u00ad surgery to deliver baby thru incision in abdomen and uterus<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recommended if:<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy complications<\/li>\n<li>Previous C\u00adsection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Labor not progressing\n<ul>\n<li>Baby isn&#8217;t getting enough oxygen<\/li>\n<li>Baby is in abnormal position<\/li>\n<li>Twins, triplets, ect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Risks for mother\u00ad comparable to any major surgery\n<ul>\n<li>Risks for infant<\/li>\n<li>Transient Tachypnea\u00ad abnormally fast breathing<\/li>\n<li>Surgical injury<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Competent Newborn<\/p>\n<p>1.Physical competence\u00ad at birth neonate must make 5 adjustments<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Breathing air<\/li>\n<li>Eat\/digest own food<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Excrete own waste\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain body temperature<\/li>\n<li>Adjust to intermittent feeding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Newborn reflexes\n<ul>\n<li>Rooting reflex<\/li>\n<li>Sucking reflex<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2.Sensory capabilities<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vision\u00ad limited for first few weeks<\/li>\n<li>7\u00ad12 inches from face ii. Most interested in human face iii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Need sharp contrasts<\/li>\n<li>Limited tracking ability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Hearing\u00ad fairly sensitive. Loud noises are startling.\n<ul>\n<li>Prefers familiar sounds; rhythmic sounds<\/li>\n<li>Smell and Taste\u00ad taste is very acute\n<ul>\n<li>Prefers sweet tastes; sour\/bitter makes them cry or grimace<\/li>\n<li>Not as much research on smell<\/li>\n<li>Touch\u00ad extremely important for bonding, infant&#8217;s development<\/li>\n<li>Skin is VERY sensitive!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Early Learning Capabilities<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Classical conditioning<\/li>\n<li>Operant conditioning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Habituation\u00ad decreases in response after repeated presentations of same stimulus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stages of Birth 1.Stage one\u00ad process of reaching full cervical dilation Latent phase\u00ad contractions become more frequent\/strong\/regular Cervical effacement\u00ad thinning Most variable. Up to 20hrs for 1st time, 10\u00ad12hrs&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/child-psychology\/4-birth-and-the-newborn-infant\/\">Continue Reading<span> Birth and the Newborn Infant<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[97],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3801"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3801"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3801\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4783,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3801\/revisions\/4783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3801"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3801"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3801"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}