{"id":3821,"date":"2018-07-21T21:01:20","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T01:01:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3821"},"modified":"2018-07-22T19:14:55","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T23:14:55","slug":"14-physical-development-in-adolescence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/child-psychology\/14-physical-development-in-adolescence\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical Development in Adolescence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Physical Maturation<\/li>\n<li>Adolescence \u2013 Developmental stage between adulthood and childhood<\/li>\n<li>Growth During Adolescence: The Rapid Pace of Physical and Sexual<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Maturation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The dramatic changes during adolescence constitute the adolescent growth spurt\u00ad rapid development in height and weight.<\/li>\n<li>Girls \u2013 earlier \u2013 3.5&#8217;\/yr. 10 yrs.<\/li>\n<li>Boys \u2013 4.1&#8217;\/yr. 12<\/li>\n<li>By age 13 boys are taller than girls and will remain that way for the rest of the life span (on average)<\/li>\n<li>more time in steady growth in childhood for boys, which is why they tend to be taller on average<\/li>\n<li>Puberty<\/li>\n<li>Puberty \u00ad the period of maturation during which the sexual organs mature. The timing of puberty is linked to cultural and environmental factors, as well as to biological ones.<\/li>\n<li>Pituitary gland signals other glands to increase production in androgens\/estrogens<\/li>\n<li>Puberty in Girls<\/li>\n<li>Girls begin puberty about 11 or 12; boys begin at 13 or 14.<\/li>\n<li>Environmental and cultural factors play a role in age of puberty.<\/li>\n<li>Menarche\u00ad onset of menses<\/li>\n<li>may have cultural significance<\/li>\n<li>Cultural\/SES influences \u2013 higher SES,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>healthy, well nourished girls start earlier.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obesity causes increase in leptin \u2013 hormone associated with menstruation<\/li>\n<li>Significant, ongoing stress can also bring on menarche earlier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Menarche age in the United States has declined since the nineteenth century, an example of a secular trend\u00ad statistical tendency seen over generations 1900&#8217;s \u2013 15<\/p>\n<p>Today \u2013 11\/12<\/p>\n<p>This is attributed to better healthcare as well as better nutrition.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The development of primary sex characteristics involves changes in organs\/structures directly related to reproduction<\/li>\n<li>Secondary sex characteristics involve visible signs of sexual maturity that are not directly related to reproduction. Ex. Breasts and pubic hair.<\/li>\n<li>Puberty in Boys<\/li>\n<li>The penis and scrotum begin to grow at an accelerated rate at around the age of 12, reaching adult size about 3 or 4 years later. Enlargement of prostate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Spermarche \u2013 first ejaculation \u2013 13. Usually not celebrates<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Secondary sex characteristics are also developing. \u00ad Pubic hair \u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>then underarm and facial hair.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Voices deepen \u2013 vocal chords increase in length, larynx enlarges<\/li>\n<li>Body Image: Reactions to Physical Changes in Adolescence<\/li>\n<li>Body image involves an adolescent\u2019s own reactions to these physical changes.<\/li>\n<li>Females \u2013 may be dismayed by weight gain<\/li>\n<li>attitudes toward menarche are more positive; higher selfesteem, status<\/li>\n<li>may still dislike more unpleasant aspects<\/li>\n<li>Males \u2013 spermarche rarely discussed, but similar reactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u2022 The Timing of Puberty: Consequences of Early and Late Maturation<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The physical changes that accompany puberty, which adolescents usually experience with keen interest, often have psychological effects, which may involve an increase in self\u00adesteem and self\u00adawareness, as well as some confusion and uncertainty about sexuality.<\/li>\n<li>Early Maturation<\/li>\n<li>Early maturation is generally positive for boys.<\/li>\n<li>Better at sports, more popular, better self\u00adesteem<\/li>\n<li>grow up to be more cooperative and responsible<\/li>\n<li>more likely to experience problems in school, delinquency, substance abuse \u2013 older friends not prepared<\/li>\n<li>Early maturation is often difficult for girls.<\/li>\n<li>May feel uncomfortable<\/li>\n<li>ridicule from less mature peers<\/li>\n<li>sought after for dates, witch increases self\u00adesteem<\/li>\n<li>may not be ready<\/li>\n<li>shorter and heavier as adults<\/li>\n<li>societies less accepting of sexuality tend to make them feel judged<\/li>\n<li>Late Maturation<\/li>\n<li>Late maturation is difficult for boys.<\/li>\n<li>Seen as less attractive, not as good at sports<\/li>\n<li>can lead to a loss of self\u00adesteem<\/li>\n<li>as adults \u2013 show more intellectual curiosity; playful For late maturing girls the picture is complicated.<\/li>\n<li>Overlooked, low social status<\/li>\n<li>self\u00adesteem rises when they catch up<\/li>\n<li>taller and thinner on average<\/li>\n<li>Nutrition and Food: Fueling the Growth of Adolescence<\/li>\n<li>Food and eating disorders become a focus during adolescence.<\/li>\n<li>The adolescent growth spurt requires an increase in food (especially key nutrients such as calcium and iron).<\/li>\n<li>Average girl needs 2,200 calories\/day; average boy \u2013 2,800<\/li>\n<li>Obesity<\/li>\n<li>Obesity is a common concern during adolescence.<\/li>\n<li>Obese teens have an 80% chance of becoming obese adults<\/li>\n<li>Psychological, social consequences<\/li>\n<li>Fast foods contribute to problem \u2013 teens have more money, are more likely to buy sedentary lifestyles<\/li>\n<li>Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia<\/li>\n<li>Anorexia nervosa \u2013 mostly women \u2013 refusal to eat. Phobia of food and gaining weight. Deadliest of mental disorders<\/li>\n<li>15\u00ad20% die of starvation<\/li>\n<li>intelligent, successful, attractive, affluent, white<\/li>\n<li>Bulimia \u2013 mostly women \u2013 bingeing, followed by purging<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(vomiting, laxatives, exercise)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esophageal fistulas, electrochemical imbalance<\/li>\n<li>weight stays in normal range<\/li>\n<li>Sleep Deprivation<\/li>\n<li>most teens need 9 hours a night<\/li>\n<li>internal clocks make them more awake at night<\/li>\n<li>have to go to school early in the morning<\/li>\n<li>toll of deprivation: Lower grades, higher risk of depression, higher risk of auto accidents<\/li>\n<li>Stress and Coping<\/li>\n<li>Stress\u00ad response to events that threaten\/challenge us<\/li>\n<li>Some are beneficial, as is the \u201cemergency reaction\u201d \u2013 biological reaction that prepares us for fight\/flight<\/li>\n<li>Long\u00adterm, continuous exposure to stressors, however, may result in body deterioration and a susceptibility to disease.<\/li>\n<li>Moderate, occasional stress is biologically healthy\u00ad exercise strengthens muscles, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Meeting the Challenge of Stress<\/li>\n<li>Coping \u2013 efforts we make to reduce, control, or tolerate stress<\/li>\n<li>Some adolescents are better than others at coping, the effort to control, or learning to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.<\/li>\n<li>Problem\u00adfocused coping \u2013 directly challenging situation to reduce stress.<\/li>\n<li>Emotion\u00adfocused coping \u2013 regulation with emotional response<\/li>\n<li>Social support \u2013 assistance\/comfort from others<\/li>\n<li>Defensive coping \u2013 unconscious use of strategies that distort or deny true nature of the situation<\/li>\n<li>Threats to Adolescents\u2019 Well\u00adBeing<\/li>\n<li>Illegal Drugs<\/li>\n<li>While reports on adolescent drug use show a modest decrease in teen drug use over the past few years, the dangers of drug use are very real.<\/li>\n<li>Some theories of why adolescents try illegal drugs are:<\/li>\n<li>pleasurable experience<\/li>\n<li>escapism<\/li>\n<li>thrill of illegal<\/li>\n<li>role\u00admodels who use drugs<\/li>\n<li>conforming to peers<\/li>\n<li>Addictive drugs \u2013 produce biological or psychological dependance<\/li>\n<li>A major danger of drugs as escapism is the adolescent never learns to confront and potentially solve the problems that led to drug use.<\/li>\n<li>Also, casual use may lead to more dangerous forms of substance abuse.<\/li>\n<li>Alcohol: Use and Abuse<\/li>\n<li>There is high use of alcohol in adolescents and college students.<\/li>\n<li>Binge drinking \u2013 intention to get drunk<\/li>\n<li>Adolescents drink for a lot of different reasons<\/li>\n<li>adult activity<\/li>\n<li>status \u2013 especially in males<\/li>\n<li>they think all other teens drink<\/li>\n<li>escapism<\/li>\n<li>Alcoholics\u00ad people who have become dependent on alcohol, may be unable to control drinking<\/li>\n<li>may be genetically predisposed to alcoholism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Among the warning signs that an adolescent may have a problem with drugs or alcohol are<\/li>\n<li>identification with drug culture<\/li>\n<li>evidence of physical deterioration<\/li>\n<li>dramatic descent in school performance significant changes in behavior<\/li>\n<li>Where did you hide things?<\/li>\n<li>Mattress<\/li>\n<li>back of the toilet tank<\/li>\n<li>stuffed animals<\/li>\n<li>Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)<\/li>\n<li>AIDS \u2013 one of the leading causes of death in young people worldwide<\/li>\n<li>particularly severe in minority populations<\/li>\n<li>African\u00adAmericans and Hispanics make up 40% of cases, even though they are only 18% of the US population<\/li>\n<li>AIDS and Adolescent Behavior<\/li>\n<li>teens think they are invulnerable<\/li>\n<li>they think they can tell if someone has an STI<\/li>\n<li>Other Sexually Transmitted Infections<\/li>\n<li>Other sexually transmitted diseases include<\/li>\n<li>Chlamydia\u00ad bacteria \u2013 burning upon urinating, discharge; pelvic inflamitory disease, sterility.<\/li>\n<li>Treated with antibiotics \u2013 some strains are becoming resistant<\/li>\n<li>HPV \u2013 human papilloma virus \u2013 genital warts, most common STI<\/li>\n<li>transmitted skin to skin<\/li>\n<li>linked to cervical cancer<\/li>\n<li>vaccines available<\/li>\n<li>Genital Herpes\u00ad viral \u2013 blisters\/sores in and around genitles<\/li>\n<li>no cure; treatments can make breakouts less severe, frequent<\/li>\n<li>Trichomoniasis \u2013 parasite \u2013 painful discharge<\/li>\n<li>Gonorrhea and syphilis\u00ad oldest \u2013 bacterial infections<\/li>\n<li>some strains becoming resistant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Physical Maturation Adolescence \u2013 Developmental stage between adulthood and childhood Growth During Adolescence: The Rapid Pace of Physical and Sexual Maturation The dramatic changes during adolescence constitute the&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/child-psychology\/14-physical-development-in-adolescence\/\">Continue Reading<span> Physical Development in Adolescence<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[97],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3821"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3821"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3821\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}