Biological research<\/strong>\u00ad scientific studies of the brain and other parts of the nervous system<\/p>\n

Case study<\/strong>\u00ad in depth investigations<\/p>\n

\n
• Control group<\/strong>\u00adgroup receiving no treatment in an experiment<\/li>\n
• Correlation coefficient<\/strong>\u00ada number that indicates the degree and direction of the relationship between 2 variables<\/li>\n
• Correlational research<\/strong>\u00adscientific study in which the researcher observes or measures 2+ variables to find the relationship between them<\/li>\n
• Dependent variable<\/strong>\u00ad what experimenter measures<\/li>\n
• Descriptive research\u00adresearch methods that observe and record behavior without producing causal explanations<\/li>\n
• Double\u00adblind study<\/strong>\u00adprocedure in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control group<\/li>\n
• Ethnocentrism<\/strong>\u00adbelieving that one\u2019s culture is typical of all cultures; viewing one\u2019s own ethnic group as central and correct and judging other according to this standard<\/li>\n
• Experiment<\/strong>\u00adcarefully controlled scientific procedure that involves manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect<\/li>\n
• Experimental group<\/strong>\u00adgroup receiving treatment in an experiment<\/li>\n
• Experimenter bias\u00adoccurs when researcher influences research results in the expected direction<\/li>\n
• Independent variable<\/strong>\u00adwhat experimenter manipulates<\/li>\n
• Misattribution of arousal<\/strong>\u00adphysiologically aroused individuals make mistaken inferences about what is causing the arousal<\/li>\n
• Naturalistic observation<\/strong>\u00ad describes behavior in its natural habitat without altering it<\/li>\n
• Participant bias<\/strong>\u00adoccurs when experimental conditions influence the participant\u2019s behavior or mental processes<\/li>\n
• Placebo<\/strong>\u00adinactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique, usually in drug research or given by a medical practitioner to a patient<\/li>\n
• Random assignment<\/strong>\u00adusing chance methods to assign participants to experimental or control conditions, thus minimizing the possibility of biases or preexisting differences in groups<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
  \n
  • Sample bias\u00adoccurs when research participants are not representative of the larger population<\/li>\n
  • Survey\u00ad use interviews\/questionnaires on sample of participants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \n
    • Neuroscience<\/strong>\u00adinterdisplicinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Action potential<\/strong>\u00adneural impulse that carries info along axon of neuron; generated when +\/\u00ad charged ions move in\/out through channels in axon\u2019s membrane<\/p>\n

      Axon<\/strong>\u00adlong, tube like structure that conveys info away from the neuron\u2019s cell body toward other neurons or to muscles\/glands<\/p>\n

      Cell body<\/strong>\u00adparty of neuron that contains nucleus and other structures that carry out functions; aka soma<\/p>\n

      \n
      • Dendrites\u00ad<\/strong>branching neuron structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey impulses toward cell body<\/li>\n
      • Endocrine system<\/strong>\u00adcollections of glands located throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into bloodstream<\/li>\n
      • Endophorins<\/strong>\u00adchemical substances in the NS that are similar in structure and action to opiates and involved in pain control, pleasure, and memory<\/li>\n
      • Glial cells<\/strong>\u00adcells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for neurons as well as communication within NS<\/li>\n
      • Hormones<\/strong>\u00adchemicals manufactured by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to produce bodily changes or maintain normal bodily functions<\/li>\n
      • Myelin sheath<\/strong>\u00adlayer of fatty insulation wrapped around the axon of some neurons, which increases the rate at which nerve impulses travel along the axon<\/li>\n
      • Neuron<\/strong>\u00adcell of NS responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information<\/li>\n
      • Neurotransmitters<\/strong>\u00adchemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons<\/li>\n
      • Synapse\u00ad<\/strong>junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron<\/li>\n
      • ANS<\/strong>\u00adsubdivision of PNS that controls involuntary functions such as HR and digestion<\/li>\n
      • CNS\u00adbrain and spinal cord<\/li>\n
      • Interneuron<\/strong>\u00adneurons within CNS that internally communicate and intervene between sensory and motor neurons<\/li>\n
      • Motor neurons<\/strong>\u00adtransmit messages from CNS to organs, muscles, glands, efferent neurons<\/li>\n
      • PSYNS<\/strong>\u00adsubdivision of ANS responsible for calming body and conserving E<\/li>\n
      • PNS<\/strong>\u00adall nerves and neurons connecting CNS to rest of body<\/li>\n
      • Reflexes<\/strong>\u00adinnate, automatic, response to a stimulus<\/li>\n
      • Sensory neurons<\/strong>\u00adtransmit messages from sense organs to CNS<\/li>\n
      • SNS<\/strong>\u00adsubdivision of PNS that connects sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles<\/li>\n
      • SYNS\u00ad<\/strong>subdivision of ANS responsible for arousing body and mobilizing E during times of stress<\/li>\n
      • Association areas<\/strong>\u00adso called quiet areas in cerebral cortex involved in interpreting, integrating, and acting on info processed by other parts of the brain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Brainstem<\/strong>\u00adarea of brain that houses parts of hindbrain, midbrain, fore brain, and helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival<\/p>\n

        Cerebellum<\/strong>\u00adhindbrain structure responsible for coordinating fine muscles movement, balance, and some perception and cognition<\/p>\n

        Cerebral cortex<\/strong>\u00adthin surface layer on cerebral hemisphere that regulates most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes<\/p>\n

        \n
        • Corpus callosum<\/strong>\u00adbundle of nerve fibers connecting brain\u2019s left and right hemispheres<\/li>\n
        • Forebrain<\/strong>\u00adcollection of upper\u00adlevel brain structures including thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex<\/li>\n
        • Frontal lobes<\/strong>\u00ad2 lobes at front of brain governing motor control, speech production, higher functions such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory<\/li>\n
        • Hindbrain<\/strong>\u00adcollection of brain structures including medulla, pons, cerebellum<\/li>\n
        • Hypothalamus\u00ad<\/strong> small brain structure beneath thalamus responsible for emotions and drives and regulating body\u2019s internal environment<\/li>\n
        • Lateralization\u00adspecialization of left and right hemispheres of brain for particular operations<\/li>\n
        • Limbic system<\/strong>\u00adinterconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, and memory<\/li>\n
        • Localization of function\u00adspecialization of various parts of brain for particular functions<\/li>\n
        • Medulla<\/strong>\u00adhindbrain structure responsible for automatic body functions such as breathing and heartbeat<\/li>\n
        • Midbrain<\/strong>\u00adcollection of brain structures in the middle of brain responsible for coordinating movement patterns, sleep, arousal<\/li>\n
        • Occipital lobes<\/strong>\u00ad2 lobes at back of brain responsible for vision and visual perception<\/li>\n
        • Parietal lobes<\/strong>\u00ad2 lobes at top of brain where bodily sensations are interpreted<\/li>\n
        • Pons<\/strong>\u00adhindbrain structure involved in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming<\/li>\n
        • Reticular formation<\/strong>\u00addiffuse set of neurons that screens incoming info and controls arousal<\/li>\n
        • Split brain<\/strong>\u00adsurgical separation of brain\u2019s 2 hemispheres used medically to treat severe epilepsy<\/li>\n
        • Temporal lobes<\/strong>\u00ad2 lobes on each side of brain above ears involved in hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control<\/li>\n
        • Thalamus<\/strong>\u00adforebrain structure at top of BS that relays sensory messages to cerebral cortex<\/li>\n
        • Behavioral genetics<\/strong>\u00adstudy of relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and mental processes<\/li>\n
        • Chromosome<\/strong>s\u00adthreadlike molecule of DNA that carries genetic info<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Evolutionary psychology<\/strong>\u00adbranch of psychology that studies way in which natural selection and adaptation can explain behavior and mental processes<\/p>\n

          Genes<\/strong>\u00adsegment of DNA that occupies specific place on particular chromosome and carries code for heredity transmission<\/p>\n

          Heritability<\/strong>\u00admeasure of degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors<\/p>\n

          \n
          • Natural selection<\/strong>\u00addriving mechanism behind evolution, which allows individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment to stay alive and produce offspring<\/li>\n
          • Neurogenesis<\/strong> \u2013division and differentiation of nonneural cells to produce neurons<\/li>\n
          • Neuroplasticit<\/strong>y\u00adbrain\u2019s lifelong ability to reorganize and change its structure and function<\/li>\n
          • Stem cells<\/strong>\u00adprecursor cells that give birth to new specialized cells; holds all info it needs to make a bone, blood, brain and can also copy itself to maintain a stock of stem cells<\/li>\n
          • Approach<\/strong>\u00adapproach conflict\u00adhaving to choose between 2+ desirable alternatives<\/li>\n
          • Approach\u00adavoidance conflict<\/strong>\u00adforced choice between 2+ alternatives that have both desirable and undesirable results<\/li>\n
          • Avoidance\u00adavoidance conflict<\/strong>\u00adforced choice between 2+ more undesirable alternatives<\/li>\n
          • Burnout<\/strong>\u00adstate of psychological and physical exhaustion resulting from chronic exposure to high levels of stress and little personal control<\/li>\n
          • Conflict\u00ad<\/strong>forced choice between 2+ incompatible goals\/impulses<\/li>\n
          • Distress<\/strong>\u00adunpleasant, objectionable stress<\/li>\n
          • Eustress<\/strong>\u00adpleasant, desirable stress<\/li>\n
          • Frustration<\/strong>\u00adunpleasant tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity resulting from a blocked goal<\/li>\n
          • GAS\u00ad<\/strong>Selye\u2019s 3\u00adphase reaction to severe stress (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion)<\/li>\n
          • Hassles<\/strong>\u00adsmall problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress<\/li>\n
          • HPA axis<\/strong>\u00adhypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex which are activated by stress<\/li>\n
          • Psychoneuroimmunology<\/strong>\u00adinterdisciplinary field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system<\/li>\n
          • Stress<\/strong>\u00adnonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; physical and mental arousal to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Hardiness<\/strong>\u00adResilient personality that includes a strong commitment to personal goals, control over life, and viewing changes as a challenge rather than a threat<\/p>\n

            PTSD<\/strong>\u00adanxiety disorder following exposure to a life\u00adthreatening or oter extreme event that evoked great horror or helplessness; characterized by flashbacks, nightmare, and impaired functioning<\/p>\n

            \n
            • Type A personality<\/strong>\u00adbehavior characteristics including intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook<\/li>\n
            • Type B personality<\/strong>\u00adbehavior characteristics consistent with a calm, patient, relaxed attitude<\/li>\n
            • Binge drinking<\/strong>\u00adoccurs when a man consumes 5+ drinks in a row, or a woman consumes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              4+ drinks in a row on at least 3 occasions during a 2 week period<\/p>\n

              \n
              • Chronic pain<\/strong>\u00adcontinuous or recurrent pain over a period of 6 months of longer<\/li>\n
              • Health psychology<\/strong>\u00adstudies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness<\/li>\n
              • Defense mechanism<\/strong>\u00adunconscious strategies used to distort reality and relieve anxiety and guilt<\/li>\n
              • Emotion\u00adfocused forms of coping<\/strong>\u00adcoping strategies based on changing one\u2019s perceptions of stressful situations<\/li>\n
              • External locus of control<\/strong>\u00adbelieving that chance or outside forces beyond one\u2019s control determine one\u2019s fate<\/li>\n
              • Internal locus of control<\/strong>\u00adbelieving that one controls one\u2019s own fate<\/li>\n
              • Problem\u00adfocused forms of coping<\/strong>\u00adcoping strategies that use problem\u00adsolving strategies to decrease or eliminate the source of stress<\/li>\n
              • Perception<\/strong>\u00adprocess of selecting, organization, and interpretation sensory information<\/li>\n
              • Sensation\u00ad<\/strong>process of receiving, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain<\/li>\n
              • Absolute threshold<\/strong>\u00adsmallest amount of a stimulus needed to detect that the stimulus is present<\/li>\n
              • Coding<\/strong>\u00adprocess that converts a particular sensory input into a specific sensation<\/li>\n
              • Difference threshold<\/strong>\u00adminimal difference needed to notice a stimulus change; aka just noticeable difference<\/li>\n
              • Gate\u00adcontrol theory of pain\u00adtheory that pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms within the spinal cord<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Psychophysics<\/strong>\u00adstudy of the relation between attributes of the physical world and our psychological experience of them<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Critical Thinking\u00ad process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information Interactions\u00ad process in which multiple factors mutually influence one another and the outcome Nature\u00adNurture Controversy\u00ad ongoing dispute over… Continue Reading Psychology Terms<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3891"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3891"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3891\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4758,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3891\/revisions\/4758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3891"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3891"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}