{"id":3899,"date":"2018-07-22T17:50:35","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T21:50:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3899"},"modified":"2018-07-22T19:03:51","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T23:03:51","slug":"memory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/memory\/","title":{"rendered":"Memory"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>\u00a0memory <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad internal record\/representation of some prior event\/experience<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory memory\u00ad short lived memory process\n<ul>\n<li>Almost a direct representation of the actual sensory attributes to the senses o <strong>Iconic memory<\/strong> \u2013 visual memory\n<ul>\n<li>Last about 200\u00ad300 milliseconds o <strong>Echoic memory<\/strong>\u00ad auditory memory<\/li>\n<li>Last about 1\u00ad2 seconds, may be up to 5 seconds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Short term memory (primary memory<\/strong>)\u00ad temporary stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to LTM o Contents of conscious mind o Limited capacity\u00ad Miller\u2019s Magic 7 +\/\u00ad 2\n<ul>\n<li>Limited duration\u00ad lasts about 30 seconds, not rehearsed<\/li>\n<li>Chunking\u00ad relate pieces of information in meaningful way to increase short term capacity<\/li>\n<li>Working Memory\u00ad works with higher cognitive processes\n<ul>\n<li>Baddeley proposed 3 distinct subsystems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Phonological loop<\/strong>\u00ad draws upon speech resources<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Phonological store<\/strong>\u00ad acts like butter to hold visual information<\/li>\n<li><strong>Articulatory control process<\/strong>\u00ad active mechanism that keeps information alive in phonological state o Transforms written words into phonological information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Visuospatial Sketchpad<\/strong>\u00ad stimulus that can not be verbalized<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spatial information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Central Executive\u00ad<\/strong> attention control and cognitive processing<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decides what information will be attended to<\/li>\n<li>Develops with age<\/li>\n<li>Associated with frontal lobes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Long Term Memory<\/strong>\u00ad store information fro long periods of time o Capacity virtually limitless and duration is relatively permanent o Know information but aren\u2019t currently thinking about it<\/li>\n<li>Affects our perceptions of the world and influences what information in the environment we attend to<\/li>\n<li>Provides framework for which we attach new knowledge\n<ul>\n<li>Stored in large, inter\u00adrelated networks of schema<\/li>\n<li>Schemas\u00ad mental models of knowledge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Spread activation<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Teacher EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Encoding\u00ad<\/strong> translating information into neural codes our brain can use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Attention\u00ad<\/strong> concentrating\/focusing mental<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gets better with age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Rehearsal\u00ad<\/strong> conscious repetition of information over time<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increase length of time that information stays in memory<\/li>\n<li>Better for short term memory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Deep processing<\/strong>\u00ad linking new information to previously stored material<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The more personally relevant the better<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Organization<\/strong>\u00ad if we organize information into meaningful units as we encode it, we\u2019ll remember it better<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Storage<\/strong>\u00ad retaining neurally coded information over time<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retrieval<\/strong>\u00ad recovering information from memory storage o Types of LTM<\/li>\n<li><strong>Episodic Memories<\/strong>\u00ad memories for events experiences in a specific time and place<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Remember doing that and can put a date to it\u00adchildhood birthday parties<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Semantic memories<\/strong>\u00ad facts and concepts not linked to a particular time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Things you just know but cannot link to any specific time\/place<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa George Washington EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Procedural memories<\/strong>\u00ad motor skills and habits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa How to do things<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Precise sequence of coordinated movements that are difficult to verbalize<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Balance on a bike EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Emotional memories\u00ad<\/strong> learned emotional responses to various stimuli \uf0fa Nazi flag EX<\/li>\n<li><strong>Explicit Memory (declarative<\/strong>)\u00ad can declare what we know\/put into words easy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Episodic and Semantic<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Implicit memory(nondeclarative<\/strong>)\u00ad cannot easily put into words what you know<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Procedural and Emotional<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distinction between explicit and implicit memory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Brenda Milner and the HM (hippocampus removed)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Traced star by looking in mirror<\/li>\n<li>Performance increased but had no memory of it<\/li>\n<li>Learned emotional responses\u00ad pin in handshake<\/li>\n<li>Could form new implicit memories but no explicit memories\u00ad tells us brain treats explicit\/implicit memories differently<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Memory Failures<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors that contribute to Memory and Forgetting o <strong>Serial position effect<\/strong>\u00ad U\u00adshaped pattern of performance on a free recall task when recall is plotted as a function of word position\n<ul>\n<li>Better for first\/last words<\/li>\n<li>Free Recall Test\u00ad participant given 20+ words in a row and asked to recall as many in order<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Primacy effect<\/strong>\u00ad relatively good recall of the first terms\/primary items on a list\n<ul>\n<li>Good for LTM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recency effect<\/strong>\u00ad relatively good recall of the last item\/most recent items on the list\n<ul>\n<li>Good for STM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practice\u00ad<\/strong> all types are not equal\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Massed practice<\/strong>\u00ad continuous, nonstop practice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Cramming all night<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Distributed practice<\/strong>\u00ad spread over time with rest periods interspersed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa More effective due to reduction of fatigue<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Able to make more associations<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Theories of Forgetting\u00ad no external causes o <strong>Decay theory<\/strong>\u00ad forgetting is caused by physical change in memory trace that weaken it or reduce the amount of information that is stored in it\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interference theory<\/strong>\u00ad forgetting is caused by competition from other events that are encoded into memory, which in turn makes a given memory one is trying to retrieve more difficult to access\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Proactive interference<\/strong>\u00ad prior events make later memories more difficult to retrieve<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retroactive interference<\/strong>\u00ad recent events make prior memories more difficult to retrieve<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa New information \u201cretreats\u201d into the past<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>We forget more as time progresses o Similar memories cause more interferences<\/li>\n<li><strong>Motivated Forgetting Theory<\/strong>\u00ad mental mechanisms that make us forget unpleasant\/painful facts\n<ul>\n<li>Freud\u00ad want to forget sources of trauma<\/li>\n<li><strong>Suppression\u00ad<\/strong> person tries to forget painful memory but still aware that the event occurred<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Rebound effect<\/strong>\u00ad the more you try to not think about something, the more you think about it<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Pink elephant EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Repression\u00ad<\/strong> literally remove unpleasant memories from consciousness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Person unaware that event ever occurred<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Encoding Failure<\/strong>\u00ad information is not successfully encoded by working memory for entry into LTM\n<ul>\n<li>Selected it but did not process into long term<\/li>\n<li>Never formed memory to begin with o <strong>Retrieval Failure Theory<\/strong>\u00ad correct retrieval cues are not produced to get a the contents of memory<\/li>\n<li>Have memory but did not get enough cues to bring back<\/li>\n<li>Owen Wilson EX<\/li>\n<li>Tip of the tongue Phenomenon\u00ad subjects know they know a word, can describe\/see it, but cannot correctly produce it at the proper time Organic causes of memory loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traumatic brain injury<\/strong>\u00ad occurs when the skull makes a sudden collision with another object\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Closed head injury<\/strong>\u00ad did not penetrate brain, skull remains intact<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Brain injured when impact causes delicate brain tissue to hit rough, jagged inner surface of skull<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Penetrating Head Injury<\/strong>\u00ad object penetrates skull\/skull is fractured<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Bone fragments, foreign material, dirt can get into brain, damage brain tissue, cause infection<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amnesia\u00ad<\/strong> loss of memory as a result of a brain injury\/trauma\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterograde amnesia<\/strong>\u00ad forgetting events after incidence of trauma\/onset of disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Amount of loss depends\/varies on person\/case<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Retrograde amnesia<\/strong>\u00ad forgetting events that occurred before incidence of trauma\/onset of disease o <strong>Dementia<\/strong>\u00ad group of symptoms that are caused by changes in brain functioning \uf0a7 Can occur in any part of lifespan \uf0a7 Symptoms include:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Lost\/disorientated<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Poor hygiene\/nutrition<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alzheimer\u2019s Disease<\/strong>\u00ad most common form among older people\n<ul>\n<li>~1\/2 of population over 85 years old\u00ad 4 million US<\/li>\n<li>can only properly diagnose in autopsy<\/li>\n<li><strong>Amyloidal Plaques<\/strong>\u00ad abnormal clumps<\/li>\n<li><strong>Neurofibrillary tangles<\/strong>\u00ad tangled bundles of fibers \uf0a7 Multi\u00adinfarct dementia (vascular dementia)\u00ad irreversible form \uf0a7 Reversible forms:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Vitamin deficiency<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Dehydration<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa High fever<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Medicine interference<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Depression<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Other brain changes in people with AD:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Loss of nerve cells in areas of brain vital to memory<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa NT deficiencies<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Constructive Processes in Memory Failures o <strong>Constructive Process<\/strong>\u00ad organizing and shaping of information during encoding and retrieval that may cause memory errors and distortions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Stored memories can change over time, some may not be remembered at all o When we are trying to remember an event, we are re\u00adconstructing it based on whatever fragments of our memory are left of that particular event<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beliefs and values help guide us in re\u00adconstruction o Because we don\u2019t record exact versions of what happened in LTM, we tend to make some common memory mistakes:<\/li>\n<li>Source Amnesia (source confusion or misattribution)\u00ad inability to recall source of information experienced, heard\/read about, imagined<\/li>\n<li>Sleeper effect\u00ad tendency to initially discount information from an unreliable source<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Later\u00ad we consider it more trustworthy because source is forgotten<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Star\/Enquirer EX<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Eyewitness Testimony and Repressed Memories<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Eyewitness testimony o When people who witness an event are later exposed to new and misleading information about it, their recollections often become distorted<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 Stop\/Yield Sign Study<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Participants viewed simulated wreck at intersection with a stop sign<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa After viewed, \u00bd received the suggestion that the sign was a yield sign<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Those who had been given the suggestion tended to claim they saw a yield sign in the simulation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Repressed Memories<\/strong>\u00ad removed event o <strong>Nadean Cool<\/strong> (1986)\u00ad recovered memories of satanic abuse\n<ul>\n<li>Believed she had more than 120 personalities<\/li>\n<li>Began to think she was abused as a child<\/li>\n<li>Therapist performed exorcism<\/li>\n<li>Sued therapist for $2.4 million o <strong>Beth Rutherford (<\/strong>1992)\u00ad recovered memories of sexual abuse<\/li>\n<li>Memories of forced abortions, and rape by parents<\/li>\n<li>Clergyman father had to resign<\/li>\n<li>Medical exam revealed she was a virgin<\/li>\n<li>Sued therapist successfully<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Without physical corroboration, it is difficult to sort true\/false<\/li>\n<li>False memories are fairly easy to instill\u00ad especially in different states of consciousness<\/li>\n<li>Most traumatized people have trouble forgetting experiences, not remembering them<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>\u00a0memory Tips: <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pay attention and reduce interference<\/li>\n<li>Use rehearsal techniques\u00ad link information to what you know<\/li>\n<li>Improve your organization\u00ad chunk information when possible<\/li>\n<li>Counteract the serial position effect\u00ad Re\u00adstudy middle sections<\/li>\n<li>Use Encoding Specificity principle\u00ad closer we match between conditions at encoding and conditions at retrieval, the better our memory will be o Context dependent memory\u00ad memory that can be helped\/hindered by similarities\/differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled\u00ad physical environment\n<ul>\n<li>State dependent memory\u00ad aided\/impeded by a person\u2019s internal state at encoding and retrieval<\/li>\n<li>Mood congruence effects\u00ad memory helped\/hindered by the match between your mood at the time of encoding and retrieval<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Employ self monitoring and over learning o <strong>Self\u00admonitoring<\/strong>\u00ad do something with information, don\u2019t just look at it<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Over\u00adlearning<\/strong>\u00ad keep studying even after you feel you know it<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0memory \u00ad internal record\/representation of some prior event\/experience Sensory memory\u00ad short lived memory process Almost a direct representation of the actual sensory attributes to the senses o Iconic memory&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/memory\/\">Continue Reading<span> Memory<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3899"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3899\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}