{"id":3909,"date":"2018-07-22T17:58:23","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T21:58:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3909"},"modified":"2018-07-22T19:03:46","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T23:03:46","slug":"motivation-and-emotion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/motivation-and-emotion\/","title":{"rendered":"Motivation and Emotion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>\u00a0Motivation <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain\u00a0 behavior towards a goal<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The why behind your behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Emotion <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad a subjective feeling that include arousal (physical), cognitions (thoughts), and expressions (how you let others know what you are feeling)<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Theories of Motivation<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Instinct Theory<\/strong>\u00ad attribute behaviors to instincts\u00ad specific, inborn behavior patterns characteristic of an entire species o More applicable to animals o By 1920s\u00ad fell out of favor:\n<ul>\n<li>Most important human behavior is learned<\/li>\n<li>Human behavior is rarely rigid, inflexible, unchanging, found throughout species<\/li>\n<li>Liking every conceivable human behavior to a corresponding instinct explains nothing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Drive Reduction Theory<\/strong>\u00ad motivated behavior is aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension\/arousal and returning the organism to homeostasis\/balance o <strong>Drive<\/strong>\u00ad state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior based on bodily needs\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary drives<\/strong>\u00ad unlearned, found in all animals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Emphasis\u00ad do nothing once drive is achieved (does not explain all human behavior)<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Motivate behavior vital to survival of individual\/species<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Eating, drinking, attachment bond EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secondary drives<\/strong>\u00ad learned drives not based on a bodily state of need \uf0fa Study, U\u00adtube EX<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arousal theory<\/strong>\u00ad suggests that each individual has an optimum level of arousal hat varies from one situation to the next and over the course of the day o Motivated to seek out optimum level of arousal o <strong>Arousal<\/strong>\u00ad continuum referring to state of alertness o Problems\u00adcertain forms of stimulus is unclear, extreme levels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o <strong>Zuckerman\u00ad sensation seeking<\/strong>\u00ad basic motivation that varies greatly from person to person<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Start at bottom with most basic needs and move up once need is fulfilled o <strong>Deficiency needs<\/strong>\u00ad must be fulfilled<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physiological needs<\/strong>\u00ad air, water, food, shelter, clothing<\/li>\n<li><strong>Safety needs<\/strong>\u00ad feel physically secure<\/li>\n<li><strong>Love\/Belonging needs<\/strong>\u00ad basic human relationship needs\u00ad give\/receive love<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esteem needs<\/strong>\u00ad feel good about ourselves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Respect of others<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Self\u00adrespect<\/p>\n<p>o <strong>Being needs<\/strong>\u00ad growth needs<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7 <strong>Self\u00adactualization<\/strong>\u00ad make the most of unique abilities to feel complete \uf0fa Characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Embrace facts\/realities of world<\/li>\n<li>Spontaneous in ideas and actions\u00ad no second guessing<\/li>\n<li>Creative<\/li>\n<li>Interested in problem solving\u00ad usually other peoples\u2019<\/li>\n<li>Feel closeness to others, generally appreciate life<\/li>\n<li>Have system of morality that is fully internalized and independent of external authority<\/li>\n<li>Judge others without prejudice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 <strong>Self\u00adtranscendence<\/strong>\u00ad spiritual needs<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Taken off latter because seen as more of a matter of religion<\/p>\n<p>o Critiques\u00ad Na\u00efve<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7 Everyone is trying to be the best<\/p>\n<h2>Intrinsic\/Extrinsic Motivations<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>intrinsic motivation<\/strong>\u00ad a desire to perform a behavior that stems from the behavior performed\u00ad enjoy yourself<\/li>\n<li><strong>Extrinsic motivation<\/strong>\u00ad desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment o Get what we want or avoid what we don\u2019t want<\/li>\n<li>Whether behavior is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated, can have important consequences<\/li>\n<li>When extrinsic rewards are offered for a behavior, intrinsic motivation and a sense of personal responsibilities for the behavior are likely to decrease, at least for a short time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Less likely to continue behavior outside your presence o Rethink motivations o $ for grades EX<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Eating<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Metabolism<\/strong>\u00ad refers to the process by which the boyd transform food into energy o <strong>Absorptive phase<\/strong>\u00ad actively ingesting food o <strong>Fasting phase<\/strong>\u00ad short\/long term stores of E<\/li>\n<li>Influences on hunger o <strong>The Brain<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>On switch\u00ad lateral hypothalamus<\/li>\n<li>Off switch\u00ad ventromedial hypothalamus<\/li>\n<li>Lesioning\u00ad removes function of that part of the brain<\/li>\n<li>Electrical stimulation studies\u00ad stimulate part that forces particular function of that part of the brain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Stomach<\/strong>\u00ad physical sensation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>WB Cannon and AL Washburn<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Washburn fasted, swallowed tube to register contraction of stomach<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Reported feeling hungry when stomach contracted<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>More complicated\u00ad no stomach; can fool stomach in short term with low nutrient food\/liquids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemical Signals in blood stream<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 <strong>Glucostatic theory of hunger<\/strong>\u00ad proposes that hunger arises when glucose \u201cthermostats\u201d in NS detect low levels of glucose in BS<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Rat and Human studies<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Delayed feeding behavior if injected small amount of glucose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Best supported explanation<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Obesity <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad body weight 15 % or more above ideal for one\u2019s height\/age<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>BMI &gt; 30<\/li>\n<li>~1\/3 of adult population % increases o portion size o lack of PA o processed foods<\/li>\n<li>health risks: o diabetes\n<ul>\n<li>CVD<\/li>\n<li>High blood pressure o Stress on joints\u00ad arthritis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cultural Conceptions of Weight and Obesity o Body shapes have a lot to do with culture appearances o More acceptance of curves for AA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Eating Disorders are comprised of ~ 90% adolescent\/young women<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anorexia Nervosa<\/strong>\u00ad self starvation and dramatic weight loss o 15% below ideal weight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Body dysmorphia\u00ad do not perceived bodies as others do o 10% of those diagnosed will die o Physical Effects:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of menstrual periods<\/li>\n<li>Dry, brittle bones due to significant bone density loss<\/li>\n<li>Dry, brittle nails and hair, hair loss<\/li>\n<li>Lowered resistance to illness<\/li>\n<li>Hypersensitivity to heat and cold<\/li>\n<li>Bruises easily<\/li>\n<li>Appears to need less sleep than normal eaters<\/li>\n<li>Digestive problems such as bloating or constipation<\/li>\n<li>Muscle loss\/weakness<\/li>\n<li>Sever dehydration, resulting in kidney failure<\/li>\n<li>Fainting, fatigue, overall weakness<\/li>\n<li>Eventual growth of downy layer of hair (lanugo) all over body including face<\/li>\n<li>Severe cases: heart trouble, low BP, low HR, low body temp, poor circulation, anemia, stunted growth, death o Causes:<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biological cues<\/strong>\u00ad increased levels of serotonin\/genetic predisposition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Do not know if these are causes or effects of the disease<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Social cues<\/strong>\u00ad professions, sports, cultural values, family influence<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psychological and emotional cues<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Personality\u00ad over achievers, have control , shine<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Major life events\u00ad puberty<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Powerlessness<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bulimia nervosa<\/strong>\u00ad involves eating massive amounts of food and then eliminating the food by self\u00adinduced vomiting or the use of strong laxatives o Binge and purge\u00ad maintain fairly normal body weight o Rise of exercise bulimia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Emotions<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Basic emotions<\/strong>\u00ad Robert Plutchik proposed 8 basic emotions: o <strong>Fear <\/strong>o <strong>Surprise <\/strong>o <strong>Sadness <\/strong>o <strong>Disgust <\/strong>o <strong>Anger<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Anticipation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Joy<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Acceptance<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Each of these help us adjust to demands of our environment. According to Plutchik\u2019s model, different emotions may combine to produce an even wider and richer spectrum of experience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Universal Emotions?\n<ul>\n<li>Does everyone have the same set of emotions?\n<ul>\n<li>Some scientists challenged Plutchik\u2019s model noting that it may apply only to emotional experiences of English\u00adspeaking people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Words used to name\/describe an emotion may influence how that emotion is experienced<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Primary emotions<\/strong>\u00ad shared by people throughout the world regardless of culture o Love is not considered one o 4 criteria to ID primary emotions:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>evident in all cultures<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>contribute to survival<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>associate with distinct facial expressions<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>evident in non\u00adhuman primates<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Secondary emotions<\/strong>\u00ad found throughout one or more culture but not all cultures Theories of Emotions:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>James\u00adLange Theory<\/strong>\u00ad stimuli in environment causes psychological changes in bodies that we interpret quickly as emotions \uf0a7 Fight\/Flight interpreted into fear\n<ul>\n<li>Research:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Different psychological responses\u00a0 for some emotions \uf0fa Different emotions processed in different areas of the brain<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Problems:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Spinal Cord injuries still experience emotions<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Most emotions accompanied by similar psychological changes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cannon\u00adbard Theory<\/strong>\u00ad we experience emotions and physiological changes at the same time\n<ul>\n<li>Stimuli\u00ad thalamus\u00ad cortex and hypothalamus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Cortex\u00ad emotion<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Hypothalamus\u00ad bodily reaction<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Both happen simultaneously<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Schacter\u2019s 2 factor theory<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Trigger\u00ad bodily change\u00ad cognitive label<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Look around environment to see what\u2019s likely to cause change<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facial Feedback Theory<\/strong>\u00ad emotion is experienced in changes of facial muscles\n<ul>\n<li>Smiling\u00adhappy<\/li>\n<li>Frowning\u00adsad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0Motivation \u00ad set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain\u00a0 behavior towards a goal The why behind your behavior \u00a0Emotion \u00ad a subjective feeling that include arousal (physical), cognitions&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/motivation-and-emotion\/\">Continue Reading<span> Motivation and Emotion<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3909"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3909"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3909\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}