{"id":3911,"date":"2018-07-22T17:59:59","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T21:59:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3911"},"modified":"2018-07-22T19:03:44","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T23:03:44","slug":"personality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/personality\/","title":{"rendered":"Personality"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>\u00a0Personality <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad Relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions \u2022 Assessing Personality:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interviews\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Structured<\/strong>\u00ad every person gets same set of predetermined questions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unstructured<\/strong>\u00ad interviewer is free to ask different question of each person<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Not as useful for researcher<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Give you a lot of information about that person<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Advantage\u00ad deeper information \u2022 Disadvantage\u00ad can\u2019t compare to others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Observation<\/strong>\u00ad draw inferences from their behavior\n<ul>\n<li>Needs to be methodical and use operational definitions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Objective tests\/Inventories<\/strong>\u00ad standardized questionnaires that require written responses: MC\/TF<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory\u00ad<\/strong> MMPI\u00ad<\/p>\n<p>most widely researched\/clinically used for self\u00adreport personality tests<\/p>\n<p>(550 items)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypochondrias<\/strong>\u00ad extreme body\/health concerns<\/li>\n<li><strong>Depression<\/strong>\u00ad sadness, lack of self worth<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hysteria<\/strong>\u00ad physical complaints to avoid responsibility<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psychopathic Deviate<\/strong>\u00ad complete and extreme disregard for social\/moral rule o They know they are wrong, don\u2019t care<\/li>\n<li><strong>Masculine\u00adFeminine<\/strong>\u00ad how well you accept extreme stereotypes\/gender roles<\/li>\n<li><strong>Paranoia<\/strong>\u00ad OCD thoughts and behaviors<\/li>\n<li><strong>Schizophrenia<\/strong>\u00ad lack of connection between thoughts and emotions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hypomania<\/strong>\u00ad over excitable, over activity<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Introversion<\/strong>\u00ad socially withdrawn<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa MMPI has 3 scales to identify response sets<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lie score<\/strong>\u00ad indicates you are lying in order to make yourself look good\/socially acceptable<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validity score<\/strong>\u00ad indicates a careless or random response pattern<\/li>\n<li><strong>Correction Score<\/strong>\u00ad indicates the examinee is either trying to \u201cfake good\u201d or \u201cfake bad\u201d (mental health)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Empirical method for item inclusion<\/strong>\u00ad items were chose not based on theory, but based on their ability to discriminate among different psychiatric and normal populations (groups not theory)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Projective tests of personality<\/strong>\u00ad these tests include ambiguous stimuli that are intended to get a wide range of responses from examinees that must be interpreted<\/li>\n<li><strong>Roschach Inkblot test<\/strong>\u00ad 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Scoring is very complex<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Disagreement over what parts of examines responses are most important<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Look for commonalities<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Lacks reliability and validity<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thematic Apperception Test<\/strong>\u00adTAT\u00ad 31 ambiguous pictures, ~10 are presented to examinee<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Asked to make up a story to explain the picture<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Difficult of administer and interpret<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Lack reliability and validity<\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0Theories of Personality: <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trait<\/strong>\u00ad a relatively stable\/consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone o Early Trait Theories\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gordon Alport<\/strong>\u00ad best way to understand personality was to study an individual and arrange their personality traits into a hierarchy with most important on top<\/li>\n<li><strong>Raymond Catell<\/strong>\u00ad condensed list of traits to 30\u00ad35 traits using factor analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Factor analysis<\/strong>\u00ad statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hans Eysneck<\/strong>\u00ad personality is a relationship between 3 traits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Extroversion\u00adIntroversion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Neuroticism<\/strong>\u00ad how much you control you have over emotional state<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Psychotism<\/strong>\u00ad how much in touch with reality you are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The \u201cBig Five\u201d Model<\/strong>\u00ad Costat\u00adMcCrae\u00ad most influential today\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Extraversion\/Surgency<\/strong>\u00ad talkative, energetic, assertive<\/li>\n<li><strong>Agreeableness<\/strong>\u00ad sympathetic to needs to other people, kind, affectionate<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conscientiousness<\/strong>\u00ad organized, thorough, planful, dependable (intellect or culture)<\/li>\n<li><strong>neuroticism<\/strong>\u00ad tense, moody, anxious<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Sometimes reversed and called Emotional stability<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Criticisms of trait theories:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lack of explanation<\/strong>\u00ad theories describe people but don\u2019t tell you why they are that way\/the development<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stability Vs change<\/strong>\u00ad personality is relatively stable after 30, but theorists haven\u2019t told us which characteristics are stable and which are transient<\/li>\n<li><strong>Situational determinants<\/strong>\u00ad some researchers believe you just cannon predict what people can do in any given situation\u00ad traits are meaningless<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Freud\u2019s Psychoanalytic Theory o <strong>Levels of consciousness<\/strong>\u00ad awareness of our own personality\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Conscious<\/strong>\u00ad thoughts\/motives person is currently aware of or is remembering right now (WM)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Preconscious<\/strong>\u00ad thoughts\/motives that one can become aware of easily (long term memory)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unconscious<\/strong>\u00ad thoughts\/motives that lie beyond a person\u2019s normal awareness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Can be made available through psychoanalysis<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Can\u2019t become easily aware of having these<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Personality structure\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The ID<\/strong>\u00ad most primitive part of personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Pleasure principle\u00ad maximize pleasure, minimize pain \uf0a7 <strong>Superego<\/strong>\u00ad standards of right\/wrong, morality principle, conscience \uf0fa 2 parts:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Conscience<\/strong>\u00ad punitive, negative and critical part<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ego Ideal<\/strong>\u00ad positive aspirations, more abstract<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Psychosexual Stages of Development \u00ad Freud<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oral stage<\/strong>\u00ad birth to 12\u00ad18 months o <strong>Autoerotic<\/strong>\u00ad Babies spend a lot of time sucking their thumbs and fingers\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fixation<\/strong>\u00ad idea that you are frustrated in some way at a particular level<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa You have either been under\/overindulged in a particular stage<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Remain somewhat obsessed with pleasures of that stage<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Regression<\/strong>\u00ad idea that you move past a particular stage of development then something traumatic happens then you regress back to pleasure of an earlier stage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa EX\u00ad mom has new baby and older child wants bottle back<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anal Stage<\/strong>\u00ad 12\u00ad18 months to 3 years o Child is occupied with retaining and\/or expelling feces\n<ul>\n<li>Battles of the toilet bowl\u00ad toilet training o <strong>Anal expulsive<\/strong> (disorganized)\u00ad fight back by deliberately soiling themselves o <strong>Anal compulsive\/retentive<\/strong> (structured)\u00ad kids whose parents over praised them during this stage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phallic Stage<\/strong>\u00ad 3\u00ad6 years\u00adsource of pleasure is genitalia o Boy\u2019s Oedipal Crisis\u00ad experimenting with penis\n<ul>\n<li>Freud says that sometimes during this stage, a young boy wants to have sex with mom but knows that his father has sex with mom and dad would be very<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>angry and cut off penis leading to Castration anxiety o <strong>Castration anxiety<\/strong>\u00ad formation of superego<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Overcomes fear of father cutting off penis by spending time with his father and forms his superego to keep feelings at bay<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Girl electra complex<\/strong>\u00ad feels incomplete because she doesn\u2019t have a penis\n<ul>\n<li>Wants to sexually posses her father<\/li>\n<li>Penis envy\u00ad weaker superego (no castration anxiety)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Latency stage<\/strong>\u00ad 6 to puberty\u00ad \u201cputting down\u201d urges\/impulses o Repression of sexual urges<\/li>\n<li><strong>Genital stage<\/strong>\u00ad puberty onward\u00ad reawakening of sexual impulses<\/li>\n<li>Criticisms of Freud\u2019s Psychoanalytic theories o A lot of these are <strong>difficult to test<\/strong>\u00ad not good science\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Overemphasis on biology and unconscious forces<\/strong>\u00ad not enough societal and cultural forces<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inadequate evidence<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sexism<\/strong>\u00ad Freud\u2019s theories were very sexist<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lack of cross\u00adcultural support<\/strong>\u00ad don\u2019t\u2019 see a lot of these concepts in non\u00adWestern society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Non\u00adFreudian Theorists<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Adler\u2019s Individual Psychology<\/strong>\u00adeach of us born into world with a sense of inferiority reinforced by our infancies o Striving for superiority\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inferiority Complex<\/strong>\u00ad feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness\/incompetence<\/li>\n<li>Birth Order\n<ul>\n<li><strong>First born<\/strong>\u00ad important until other siblings arrive, King of the Hill<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Often have greatest number of problems as they get olderdepression, anxiety<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Middle born<\/strong>\u00ad dethrone first born, get a lot of attention from parents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa High need for superiority they attain through healthy competition<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Youngest<\/strong>\u00ad least amount of power<\/li>\n<li><strong>Only child<\/strong>\u00ad tend to spend a lot of time around adults which can lead to higher intellectual ability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa May be timid, passive, withdrawn<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Carl Jung\u2019s Analytic Psychology<\/strong>\u00ad thought there was more to unconscious that Freud theorized o Freud\/Eros\u00ad impulses to build and create VS Thanantos\u00ad impulses to destruct, decay o Fears, behaviors, thoughts children and adults exhibit are remarkably similar across time and culture\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Collective unconscious<\/strong>\u00ad inherited unconsciousness all humans share o <strong>Archetypes<\/strong>\u00ad \u201cstock characters\u201d, images or patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior\n<ul>\n<li>Reside in collective unconsciousness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Animus<\/strong>\u00ad masculine side of female<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Anima<\/strong>\u00ad feminine side of male<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Shadow<\/strong>\u00ad unconscious dark side, dark part of who we are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Horney\u2019s Feminine Psychology<\/strong>\u00ad big influence of feminism of 1970s, thought Freud was incredibly sexist o Countered Freud\u2019s Penis envy with <strong>Womb envy<\/strong>\u00ad man\u2019s envy of woman\u2019s ability to bear children\n<ul>\n<li>Said that it wasn\u2019t biology and genital structure, but a societal\/cultural explanation of gender differences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Humanistic Theories<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Carl Rogers<\/strong>\u00ad most important aspect of personality is SELF\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Self<\/strong>\u00ad part of experience that a person comes to identify early in life as I or Me o <strong>Self\u00adconcepts<\/strong>\u00ad all the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior<\/li>\n<li>Poor Mental health occurred when there was a difference between our self\u00adconcepts and our actual life experiences\n<ul>\n<li>Anorexia EX o <strong>Unconditional positive regard<\/strong>\u00ad positive behavior towards a person with no contingencies attached<\/li>\n<li>\u201cI like you\u2026period\u201d EX<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abraham Maslow<\/strong>\u00ad focused on people\u2019s roads to <strong>self actualization<\/strong>\u00ad complete understanding of self<\/li>\n<li>Criticism:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Na\u00efve assumptions<\/strong>\u00ad not everyone is striving to be best they can<\/li>\n<li><strong>Poor testability and inadequate evidence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Narrowness<\/strong>\u00ad describe different aspects of personality without explaining how it develops or came to be<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0Personality \u00ad Relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions \u2022 Assessing Personality: Interviews Structured\u00ad every person gets same set of predetermined questions Unstructured\u00ad interviewer is free&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/personality\/\">Continue Reading<span> Personality<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3911"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3911"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3911\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3911"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3911"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3911"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}