{"id":4001,"date":"2018-07-27T14:50:00","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T18:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4001"},"modified":"2018-11-02T00:52:59","modified_gmt":"2018-11-02T04:52:59","slug":"social-psychology-and-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/social-psychology-and-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Social Psychology and Law"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eyewitness Testimony<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
Major role in whether a defendant is convicted<\/li>\n
No eyewitness testimony – conviction rate 18%; with eyewitness testimony – conviction rate 72%<\/li>\n
Problem<\/li>\n
Often incorrect<\/li>\n
DNA exoneration cases (Scheck, Neufeld, & Dwyer, 2001)<\/li>\n
Includes<\/li>\n
Information concerning people<\/li>\n
Victim, perpetrator, other witnesses<\/li>\n
Information concerning the crime event<\/li>\n
Action sequence, includes what was said, what was done, and what was in the environment<\/li>\n
Why incorrect?<\/li>\n
Memory problem<\/li>\n
Must accurately report a lot of information<\/li>\n
Memory is not like a video<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Two parts<\/li>\n
Encoding<\/li>\n
Information from our environment that is processed\/transferred into memory<\/li>\n
Retrieval<\/li>\n
Process of accessing stored memories<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Memory Problems: Eyewitness Research<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Incomplete\/ Vague Memory * Poor memory for details<\/li>\n
Penny Study<\/li>\n
False Memory<\/li>\n
The Misinformation Effect (Loftus)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Memory Problems: Incomplete\/ Vague Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
\u201cPenny study\u201d (Nickerson, et al., 1979)<\/li>\n
Most people could not correctly identify a penny<\/li>\n
Very familiar object * Suggests that we do not encode all details (i.e., memory is not a photograph) * Encode useful details<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Memory Problems: False Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Misinformation Effect (Loftus)<\/li>\n
Incorporating \u201cmisinformation\u201d into one\u2019s memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Situation Example<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Witness a crime * Talk to other witnesses<\/li>\n
(E.g. did you see what type of gun was that he had? That tattoo on his neck looked like a dragon didn\u2019t it? I can\u2019t believe he threatened to stab the little girl. Etc.)<\/li>\n
Overhear police investigation<\/li>\n
Give statement to police<\/li>\n
Did he threaten any by standard with a weapon?<\/li>\n
Where there any distinguishing marks on his body?<\/li>\n
What did the gun look like?<\/li>\n
Hear news reports concerning the crime * Repeat information for friends, family etc.<\/li>\n
Provide the court with a personal statement<\/li>\n
Problem<\/li>\n
Only include information that YOU witnessed* Exclude information from<\/li>\n
Other witnesses<\/strong><\/li>\n
Police<\/strong><\/li>\n
News, Internet, newspapers<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Misinformation Effect Explanation<\/h1>\n
\n
Source Monitoring Framework (Johnson)<\/li>\n
Determining the origin of a memory<\/li>\n
Separate from memory for content<\/li>\n
Did I hear this joke from Susie or Mark?<\/strong><\/li>\n
Did I take my morning pill or just think about doing so? <\/strong>* Did I learn that Brittney Murphy died from a TV show or the Internet<\/strong><\/li>\n
Very difficult<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Memory Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Eyewitness Testimony is very influential, but often incorrect<\/li>\n
Memory Problem<\/li>\n
Must recall information about the people and crime event<\/li>\n
Memory Basics<\/li>\n
Encoding- Learning* Retrieval- Remembering<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Memory\u00a0\u00a0 Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Eyewitness Research \u2013 Two memory deficits * Memory can be incomplete\/lack detail<\/li>\n
Memory can be false<\/li>\n
Misinformation Effect<\/li>\n
Misinformation Effect<\/li>\n
Incorporating new information into an event that has transpired<\/li>\n
Why\/How<\/li>\n
Source Monitoring Framework<\/li>\n
Memories do not have tags telling you their origins<\/li>\n
Determining the source of a memory is a judgment process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility Research<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Phenomena that affect eyewitness testimony * For events<\/li>\n
Guided Imagery<\/li>\n
Interrogation Wording<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013Guided Imagery<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Guided Imagery<\/li>\n
Therapist asks you to recall\/ or imagine specific circumstances<\/li>\n
Sexual and childhood abuse<\/li>\n
Problem<\/li>\n
May imagine events that never transpired<\/li>\n
Can lead to imagination inflation<\/li>\n
Imagination Inflation<\/li>\n
Imagining information increases the probability of reporting imaginary object or sequence of events as real<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Imagination Inflation<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
How\/ Why<\/li>\n
As you repeatedly imagine an object or event the following increases<\/li>\n
# Of details<\/li>\n
Perceptual, Semantic etc.<\/strong><\/li>\n
Vividness<\/li>\n
Familiarity<\/li>\n
This information increases the \u201cfeeling\u201d that this imagined object or event was real<\/li>\n
Source Monitoring Framework<\/li>\n
Note: Reading information, answering questions etc. require some level of imagery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Imagination Inflation<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Research Examples<\/li>\n
Punch Bowl (Loftus)<\/li>\n
Lost in a shopping mall (Loftus)<\/li>\n
Enemas (Pezdek, Blandon-Gitlin, Lam, Hart, & Schooler, 2006)<\/li>\n
Pamphlets vs. guided imagery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013\u201cEnema\u201d Study<\/strong><\/p>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Interrogation Wording<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Traffic accident study \u2013 Speed (Loftus and Palmer, 1967)<\/li>\n
Methods<\/li>\n
Saw video of car accident<\/em><\/li>\n
Asked to report speed of car<\/em><\/li>\n
Manipulation: smashed, collided, bumped, hit or contacted<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Interrogation Wording<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Traffic accident study – Speed * Results<\/li>\n
Smashed: 40.8 miles an hour<\/li>\n
Contacted: 31.8 miles an hour<\/li>\n
Verb choice has biasing effects on participants\u2019 report<\/li>\n
Traffic accident study \u2013 Stop vs. Yield sign (Loftus and Hoffman, 1989)<\/li>\n
Methods<\/li>\n
Saw video of car accident<\/li>\n
Completed questionnaire \u2013 manipulated suggested information<\/li>\n
What was the color of the car that stopped at the \u201cyield sign\u201d?<\/strong><\/li>\n
Traffic accident study \u2013 Stop vs. Yield sign * Methods cont. * Delay<\/li>\n
Final test<\/li>\n
Report memory of the video clip, not questionnaire * e. \u201cWhat was the sign\u201d?<\/strong><\/li>\n
Results<\/li>\n
Suggested information reduced accuracy<\/li>\n
Recalled incorrect sign more often if exposed to yield sign misinformation<\/strong><\/li>\n
Difficulty differentiating event information from information learned after the event<\/li>\n
Source monitoring error<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility Research<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Method to reduce false memory and bias<\/li>\n
Cognitive Interview (Fisher)<\/li>\n
Used memory research findings to develop interview techniques for police<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Factors leading to inaccurate EW testimony<\/li>\n
Guided Imagery<\/li>\n
Imagining an event* May lead to imagination inflation, reporting imagined event as \u201creal\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n
Source monitoring explanation<\/li>\n
Source monitoring error<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Factors leading to inaccurate EW testimony * Interrogation Wording<\/li>\n
May bias eyewitness reports<\/li>\n
Interrogation Wording<\/li>\n
False information, given during interrogation, may lead to false memory in eyewitness reports<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness Suggestibility Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Methods developed to reduce false memory and bias<\/li>\n
Cognitive Interview<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Research<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Phenomena that affect eyewitness identification<\/li>\n
High physiological arousal<\/li>\n
Cross Race Effect<\/li>\n
Lineup Procedure<\/li>\n
Sequential\/ Simultaneous\/ Show up<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Research: Physiological Arousal<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Survival school training (Morgan, et al. 2004)<\/li>\n
Subjected to conditions similar to P.O.W.s<\/li>\n
Food and sleep deprivation for 48 hours followed by interrogation<\/li>\n
Methods<\/li>\n
Two instructors \u2013 \u201cguard\u201d and \u201cinterrogator\u201d<\/li>\n
Each person received a High (physical) and Low stress interrogation<\/li>\n
24 hours later, asked to identify their interrogator and guard<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Research: Physiological Arousal<\/strong><\/p>\n
Eyewitness ID Research: Cross Race Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Meissner \u2013 Cross Race Effects (CRE)<\/li>\n
ID accuracy \uf0ea when witness race \u2260 perp race<\/li>\n
Why<\/li>\n
Encoding problem<\/em>* Certain facial features are more diagnostic for some races then others <\/strong><\/li>\n
g. color (skin, hair, eye) vs. size (nose, mouth, eyes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Research: Lineup Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Previous Research<\/li>\n
Show up VS Simultaneous VS Sequential<\/li>\n
Show up- clearly worse lineup procedure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Research: Lineup Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Simultaneous VS Sequential * Previous research \u2013 Wells, Lindsay etc. * Sequential Lineup Advantage<\/li>\n
Eliminates identifications based on \u201cbest match\u201d<\/strong>* Current research – Gronlund, Lane, Clark etc.<\/li>\n
Sequential Lineup \u2013 Conservative Shift<\/em><\/li>\n
Simultaneous Lineup \u2013 Liberal Shift<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Factors that affect identification accuracy<\/li>\n
Physiological arousal (Stress)<\/li>\n
Survival school<\/em><\/li>\n
Stress led to decreases in correct identifications<\/strong><\/li>\n
Despite 1) interrogations lasted 30 minutes or longer,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) nothing and no one else in the room 3) constant interaction<\/p>\n
Eyewitness ID Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Factors that affect identification accuracy<\/li>\n
Cross Race Effect (CRE)<\/li>\n
Accuracy decreases when witness and perpetrators races do not match<\/em><\/li>\n
Encoding problem<\/em><\/li>\n
Consider \u201cPenny study\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Eyewitness ID Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Factors that affect identification accuracy<\/li>\n
Lineup Procedure<\/li>\n
Show up \u2013 worst identification\/ most inaccuracies<\/li>\n
Simultaneous and Sequential \u2013 Differ in willingness to \u201cchoose\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Eyewitness Testimony Major role in whether a defendant is convicted No eyewitness testimony – conviction rate 18%; with eyewitness testimony – conviction rate 72% Problem Often incorrect DNA exoneration… Continue Reading Social Psychology and Law<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[102],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4001"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4001"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4001\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}