{"id":4219,"date":"2018-09-18T17:48:11","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T21:48:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4219"},"modified":"2018-09-18T18:12:09","modified_gmt":"2018-09-18T22:12:09","slug":"perception-2-learning-objectives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/learning-objectives\/perception-2-learning-objectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Perception 2 Learning Objectives"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Describe the concept of perceptual organisation. Explain how the Gestalt laws and other theories attempt to account for object perception<\/p>\n<h2>Perceptual Organization<\/h2>\n<p>\uf0b7 Perceptual segregation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Separating visual input into individual objects<\/li>\n<li>Thought to occur before object recognition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Gestalt Psychology<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The law of pragnanz &#8211; of several geometrically possible organisations that one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest and most stable shape<\/li>\n<li>Configural superiority effect &#8211; the beneficial effect (in terms of processing time) of organization<\/li>\n<li>Gestalt laws of perceptual organization \u2013 law of proximity, similarity, good continuation, and closure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Viewpoint Theories<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Viewpoint-invariant theories suggest that object recognition is based on structural information, such as individual parts, allowing for recognition to take place regardless of the object\u2019s viewpoint<\/li>\n<li>Viewpoint-dependent theories suggest object recognition is affected by the viewpoint at which it is seen, implying that objects seen in novel viewpoints reduce the accuracy and speed of object identification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Marr\u2019s Theory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Primal sketch \u2013 2D description of light-intensity changes (edges, contours, blobs)<\/li>\n<li>2 \u00bd D sketch \u2013 incorporates depth and orientation of surfaces (shading, texture, motion, binocular disparity)<\/li>\n<li>3D model representation \u2013 3D object shape<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Biederman\u2019s Recognition by Components Theory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Objects consist of combinations of geons \u2013 geometric shapes (36 basic shapes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Describe multi-stage information processing models of object perception and explain how disorders of object perception such as visual agnosia and apperceptive agnosia support these models<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The multi-stage information processing models of object perception \u2013 different pathways of visual processing\n<ul>\n<li>Inferno-temporal cortex \u2013 Parvocellular Pathway &#8211; ventral \u2018what\u2019 stream<\/li>\n<li>Parietal Cortex \u2013 Magnocellular Pathway \u2013 dorsal \u2018how\u2019 stream<\/li>\n<li>Primary Visual Cortex \u2013 \u2018what\u2019 and \u2018where\u2019 stream<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Visual Agnosia \u2013 loss of object recognition\n<ul>\n<li>Apperceptive agnosia \u2013 deficit in object perception creating an inability to understand the significance of objects<\/li>\n<li>Associative agnosia \u2013 the inability to understand the significance of objects, however, this time the deficit is in semantic memory o Both of these agnosias can affect the pathway to object recognition<\/li>\n<li>Prosopagnosia \u2013 a difficulty in recognizing faces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Object recognition is a complex task which involves several different areas of the brain \u2013 if one is damaged then object recognition can be impaired<\/li>\n<li>When object agnosia occurs form a lesion in the dominant hemisphere, there is often a profound associated language disturbance, including loss of word meaning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Describe the process of face recognition and give arguments for and against the hypothesis that we have special processes and brain areas dedicated to face processing<\/p>\n<h2>Holistic (configural) Face Processing<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Face-inversion effect \u2013 inverted faces are disproportionately harder to recognize than upright faces relative to objects (Yin, 1969)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fusiform face area \u2013 an area in the inferotemporal cortex that responds more to upright faces than inverted face and objects o Generally more receptive to faces than to objects \u2013 however other brain regions also selective to faces (occipital area, temporal sulcus)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Part-whole effect \u2013 memory for a face-part more accurate when presented within the whole face (Farah, 1994)<\/li>\n<li>Composite effect \u2013 perceiving half a face is more difficult when it appears against a different complementary half (Richler et al., 2011)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Prosopagnosia<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Multiple reasons why face processing might be impaired: &#8211; Brain damage to face-processing region<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Face recognition might just be harder because it involved making finer distinctions \u2013 a double dissociation could help disambiguate these possibilities<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Impaired holistic processing \u2013 restricted perceptual field (Van Belle et al., 2011)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Compare and contrast Kosslyn\u2019s and Pylyshyn\u2019s explanation of visual imagery. Describe the evidence that has been used to support each model<\/p>\n<h2>Kosslyn\u2019s Perceptual Anticipation Theory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Visual images are depictive representations\n<ul>\n<li>Like pictures or drawings of objects that can be arranged in space<\/li>\n<li>Formed in topographically organized brain areas forming the visual buffer o Early visual cortex (V1) o Secondary visual cortex (V2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Predicts that perception and imagery should influence each other<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pylyshyn\u2019s Propositional Theory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Imagery is only tacit propositional knowledge\n<ul>\n<li>Generally unconscious, stored knowledge about object<\/li>\n<li>The nature of tacit knowledge is not very well defined <strong>Evidence to Support<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Overlapping brain regions for imagery and perception<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Describe, with examples, Gibson\u2019s notion of direct perception, information pickup and affordances. Explain how these ideas can be used to understand visuallyguided action<\/p>\n<h2>Gibson\u2019s Direct Perception<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>There is more to perception than object identification\n<ul>\n<li>Perception and action are closely intertwined<\/li>\n<li>An ecological approach in his direct theory of perception<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Information pickup from the ambient optic array\n<ul>\n<li>The pattern of light reaching the eye<\/li>\n<li>Provides unambiguous information about object layout<\/li>\n<li>This occurs without much information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Affordances\n<ul>\n<li>Potential used of objects<\/li>\n<li>Perceived directly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Describe the special features of biological motion. Outline evidence for and against the role of the mirror neuron system in detection of biological motion, imitation and interpreting intent<\/p>\n<h2>Biological Motion<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Spontaneous, automatic, and innate<\/li>\n<li>Superior temporal and premotor frontal areas involved in perception of biological motion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Imitation and Mirror Neurons<\/h2>\n<p>\uf0b7 Mirror neuron system<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Formed of neuron activated when animals perform an action and when they observe another performing the same action<\/li>\n<li>Facilitates imitation and understanding others\u2019 actions<\/li>\n<li>Regions that respond to performing an action or watching others perform it \u2013 ventral premotor cortex, anterior intraparietal cortex, and superior intraparietal cortex<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Evaluation<\/h2>\n<p>\uf0b7 Strengths:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An impressive ability<\/li>\n<li>Specific brain regions<\/li>\n<li>Evidence of a mirror neuron system \uf0b7 Limitations:<\/li>\n<li>Relatively little is known about how bottom-up and top-down processes interact<\/li>\n<li>Claims of the mirror neuron system are overstated<\/li>\n<li>The human mirror neuron system has yet to be detected on the neuronal level<\/li>\n<li>Mirror neurons are unlikely to account for all biological motion detection and the definition is not specified<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Describe the concept of perceptual organisation. Explain how the Gestalt laws and other theories attempt to account for object perception Perceptual Organization \uf0b7 Perceptual segregation: Separating visual input into&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/learning-objectives\/perception-2-learning-objectives\/\">Continue Reading<span> Perception 2 Learning Objectives<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[106],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4219"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4219"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4219\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}