{"id":4223,"date":"2018-09-18T17:49:56","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T21:49:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4223"},"modified":"2018-09-18T18:12:07","modified_gmt":"2018-09-18T22:12:07","slug":"memory-1-memory-architecture-encoding-and-retrieval-effects-forgetting-learning-objectives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/learning-objectives\/memory-1-memory-architecture-encoding-and-retrieval-effects-forgetting-learning-objectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Memory 1 &#8211; Memory Architecture Encoding, and Retrieval Effects, Forgetting Learning Objectives"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Explain the concept of memory architecture with reference to the multi-store, unitary store, and working memory models of memory, outlining laboratory and neuroscience evidence for these models<\/p>\n<h2>Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of Memory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory memory\n<ul>\n<li>Iconic \u2013 visual memory<\/li>\n<li>Echoic \u2013 auditory memory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Short-term memory\n<ul>\n<li>Capacity 7 +\/- 2 depending on chunk size<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Unitary Store Model<\/h2>\n<p>\uf0b7 Single store of memory<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>STM consists of temporary activations of LTM representations or recently perceived items o Activations usually arise from focused attention o Highly vulnerable to distraction<\/li>\n<li>Amnesiacs\u2019 LTM impairments due to impaired relational memory o Primarily supported by the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Baddeley Model of Working Memory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Phonological loop \u2013 sound-based or verbal structure \u2013 limited storage, limited time (2secs)<\/li>\n<li>Visuospatial sketchpad \u2013 visuospatial stimuli \u2013 limited storage<\/li>\n<li>Central executive \u2013 serves to control access to other components<\/li>\n<li>Episodic buffer \u2013 holds and integrates diverse and multimodal information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Describe how encoding and retrieval effects influence memory performance; give an example or application of some of these effects in everyday life<\/p>\n<h3>Levels of Processing<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Craik and Lockhart (1972) \u2013 disagree with rehearsal as the only means of memorizing<\/li>\n<li>Craik and Tulving (1975) \u2013 depth of processing determines likelihood of recalls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Describe some of the ways that we forget or misremember things; define and give examples of these<\/p>\n<h3>7 Sins of Memory<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Transience \u2013 memories fade over time<\/li>\n<li>Absent-mindedness \u2013 attention linked with remembering<\/li>\n<li>Misattention \u2013 source amnesia<\/li>\n<li>Suggestibility \u2013 thinking we remember<\/li>\n<li>Bias \u2013 distortions in recall<\/li>\n<li>Persistence \u2013 recurring memories we don\u2019t want<\/li>\n<li>Forgetting \u2013 the inability to remember previously learned information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Proactive and Retroactive Interference<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Proactive Interference \u2013 old memories interfere with the retrieval of new memories<\/li>\n<li>Retroactive Interference \u2013 new memories interfere with the retrieval of old memories<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Encoding Specificity<\/h3>\n<p>\uf0b7 Tulving\u2019s (1979) \u2013 retrieval success directly related to the degree of informational overlap between the information presented at retrieval and the information stored in memory, including its context<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Godden and Baddeley (1975) \u2013 words learnt in the same environment are recalled better than words learnt in a different environment<\/p>\n<h3>Motivated Forgetting<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Repression (conscious) and suppression (unconscious)<\/li>\n<li>Misremembering \u2013 repressed\/recovered memories \u2013 selective forgetting or distressing events<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Decay Theories of Forgetting<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Memory \u2018trace\u2019 fades with time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Consolidation Theory<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A process lasting a long time that fixes information in long-term memory<\/li>\n<li>Reconsolidation \u2013 a processes whereby old memories are re-accessed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Explain what is meant by implicit learning and outline the methods (and difficulties) for demonstrating that it is distinct from explicit memory<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Implicit learning \u2013 learning of complex information in an incidental manner, without awareness of what has been learned<\/li>\n<li>Explicit learning \u2013 active learning process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explain the concept of memory architecture with reference to the multi-store, unitary store, and working memory models of memory, outlining laboratory and neuroscience evidence for these models Atkinson and&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/learning-objectives\/memory-1-memory-architecture-encoding-and-retrieval-effects-forgetting-learning-objectives\/\">Continue Reading<span> Memory 1 &#8211; Memory Architecture Encoding, and Retrieval Effects, Forgetting Learning Objectives<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[106],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4223"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4223"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4223\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}