{"id":4262,"date":"2018-09-18T18:29:52","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T22:29:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4262"},"modified":"2019-05-25T23:57:05","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T03:57:05","slug":"post-modern-approaches","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/psychological-counseling\/post-modern-approaches\/","title":{"rendered":"Post-Modern Approaches"},"content":{"rendered":"

What does postmodern mean?<\/p>\n

Postmodern <\/strong>is a word used to describe changes in the ways people think- especially the way they view reality<\/li>\n
Postmodernity refuses to allow any single defining source of truth and reality The new emphasis is on difference, plurality and selective forms of tolerance. <\/strong><\/li>\n
Postmodern thinking would state there is no world view<\/li>\n
Reality does not exist independent of any attempt to observe it (social constructionism is this idea)<\/em><\/li>\n

We don\u2019t understand the world independent from language <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Postmodern approaches<\/p>\n
\n
Modern approach to knowledge is where the world is seen as something that can be measured and reduced down in its simplest components<\/li>\n
Post modern comes out of criticism of the modern approach<\/li>\n
Post modern point of view is that everyone has their own version of reality <\/strong><\/li>\n
We are in a post-modern world and our understanding of truth and reality often come form points of view influenced by history and context rather than objective factors.<\/strong><\/li>\n
Best known postmodern perspectives: solution-fused brief therapy, solution-oriented therapy, narrative therapy and feminist therapy.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
How is language emphasized in PMA?<\/p>\n
\n
Any understanding of reality is based on the use of language and largely a function of the situations in which people live.<\/li>\n
Dialogue is used to elicit perspective, resources and unique client experiences.<\/li>\n
The use of language in stories creates meaning. <\/strong><\/li>\n
Questions empower clients to speak and to express their diverse positions<\/li>\n
The client not the therapist, is the expert<\/li>\n
The therapist supplies optimism and the process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Social Constructionism<\/h1>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
Features<\/p>\n
\u2022 The client is the expert about their own lives<\/p>\n
\n
The idea that the client\u2019s reality exists without disputing if it is accurate or rational.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Goals<\/p>\n
\u2022 Generate new meaning <\/strong>in the lives of clients.<\/p>\n
\n
Co-develop, with clients, solutions that are unique to the situation.<\/li>\n
Enhance awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture of the individual- all disorders in DSM are socially constructed. <\/em><\/li>\n
Help people develop alternative ways of being, acting, knowing and living.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Key concepts \u2022 Postmodernists assume there are multiple truths<\/p>\n
\n
Reality is subjective and is based on the use of language<\/li>\n
Postmodernists strive for a collaborative and consultative stance<\/li>\n
Postmodern thought has an impact on the development of many theories<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
Solution-Focused Brief therapyNarrative Therapy<\/h1>\n
Features<\/p>\n
\u2022 Grounded on positive orientation: people are healthy and competent.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
Shares similarities with positive psychology<\/li>\n
Past is downplayed, <\/strong>while the present and future are highlighted.<\/li>\n
Looking for what is working.<\/li>\n
Up to four sessions.<\/li>\n
Therapists assist clients in finding exceptions to their problems and to recognise the competencies they already have.<\/li>\n
It is a non-pathologising <\/strong>approach that emphasis competencies instead of deficits.<\/li>\n
Solution focus-<\/strong> what is working rather than what is broken.<\/li>\n
Asking how questions that imply change can be useful.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Basic assumptions<\/p>\n
\u2022 The problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions<\/p>\n
\n
People can create their own solutions<\/li>\n
Small changes lead to large changes<\/li>\n
The client is the expert on his or her own life.<\/li>\n
The best therapy involves a collaborative partnership. <\/strong><\/li>\n
A therapist\u2019s not knowing affords the client an opportunity to construct a solution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Types of relationships in SFBT<\/p>\n
\u2022 Customer-type relationship: <\/strong>client and therapist jointly identify a problem and solution to work toward<\/p>\n
\n
Complainant relationship:<\/strong> a client describes a problem, but is not able or willing to take an active role in constructing a solution.<\/li>\n
Visitors: <\/strong>clients come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Techqniues<\/p>\n
\u2022 Pre-therapy change: <\/strong>what have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?<\/p>\n
\n
Exception questions: <\/strong>Direct clients to times in their lives when the problem did not exist<\/li>\n
Miracle questions: <\/strong>If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were asleep, what would be different in your life?<\/li>\n
Scaling questions: <\/strong>On a scale of 0-10, where 0 is the worst you have been and 10 representing the problem being solved, where are you with respect to\u2026.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Group counselling<\/p>\n
\u2022 Group is focused on solutions<\/p>\n
\n
Leader shifts focus from the problem by providing members the opportunity to view themselves as resourceful and competent.<\/li>\n
Goals for therapy are small, realistic and achievable. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Features<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Clients construct the meaning of life in interpretive stories which are interpreted as truth<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Selecting events that fit with the dominant plot and privileging those over events that don\u2019t fit the narrative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Therapeutic process<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Collaborate with the client in identifying the problem<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Separate the person from his or her problem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or dominating the person<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Ask clients to speculate about what kind of future they could expect form the competent person that is emerging.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Create an audience to support the new story. <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Role of stories<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 We live our lives by the stories we tell ourselves and what we tell others. <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 These stories shape our reality of what we se, feel and do<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 They are in social and cultural context<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Stories not only change the client but also the therapist.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Client is constructing the story not the therapist.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Functions of therapist<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Listen with an open mind<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Encourage clients to share their stories<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Listen to a problem-saturated story of a client without getting stuck<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Demonstrate respectful curiosity and persistence<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Believe the person is not the problem, but the problem is the problem.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To become active facilitators<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To demonstrate care, interest, empathy and contact.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To believe in the client\u2019s abilities, talents and positive intentions.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To adopt a not knowing position that allows being guided by the client\u2019s story<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To help clients construct a preferred story line.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To create a collaborative<\/strong> relationship.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Questions<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Used to generate experiences rather than to gather information.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Are used to assist clients in exploring dimensions of their life situations.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Can lead to taking apart problem-saturated stories.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Exception questions<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 \u201cHow long has the anxiety been there?\u201d as a opposite to \u201chow long have you been anxious?\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Externalisation<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Externalisation is the process of separating the person from identifying with the problem.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Externalising conversations help people to free themselves from being identified with the problem<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Externalising conversations can assist clients in recognising times when they have dealt successfully with a problem.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Based on the idea that living life means<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n relating to problems, not being fused with them.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deconstruction and creating alternative stories<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Problem-saturated stories are deconstructed before new stories are cocreated. <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 The assumption is that people can continually and actively re-author their lives<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 An appreciative audience helps new stories to take root.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Group counselling<\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 Used for group work in school settings<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Group work provides an appreciative audience with which a client can discuss the new developments of his or her life<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 New identities can be rehearsed in the group setting<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Wide range of uses include: grief counselling, anger management, academic management, an adventure based program.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Strengths and Weaknesses (from a multicultural perspective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Strengths<\/td>\n Weaknesses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Social constructionism is congruent with the philosophy of multiculturalism <\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Clients are encouraged to explore how their realities are being constructed out of cultural discourse and the consequences that follow from such constructions.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Narrative therapy is grounded in a sociocultural context, which makes this approach especially relevant for counselling culturally diverse clients.<\/strong><\/td>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Adopting a \u201cnot knowing\u201d stance may lead clients form some cultures to lose confidence in the therapist.<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 To rectify this, postmodern-oriented therapist must convey to clients that they have expertise in the process of therapy but clients are the expert in their lives. <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Limitations vs. Contributions<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Limitations<\/td>\n Contributions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Therapists must be skilling in implementing brief interventions<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Must employ techniques in a mechanistic fashion<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Reliance on techniques may detract from building a therapeutic relationship<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Narrative therapists must be careful to approach client\u2019s stories without imposing a preconceived notion of the client\u2019s experiences.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 More empirical research is needed.<\/td>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Client\u2019s are able to make significant moves toward building a more satisfying life in a relatively short period of time<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Their dim view of diagnosis reminds us that people cannot be reduced to a specific problem<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 The use of questioning<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Brief therapy has been shown to be effective for a wide range of clinical problems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2022 The not knowing stance may compromise the client\u2019s confidence in the therapist.<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
What does postmodern mean? Postmodern is a word used to describe changes in the ways people think- especially the way they view reality Postmodernity refuses to allow any single… Continue Reading Post-Modern Approaches<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[98],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4262"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4262"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4876,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4262\/revisions\/4876"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}