o One reason why motivation is difficult to study: we can only infer the existence of motivation by observing changes in relationships<\/strong><\/p>\n
Activation<\/strong><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Activating properties of motivation<\/strong><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Motivation is behaviorally activating, but behaviour does not have to be overt <\/strong>o i.e. if animal freezes (no overt behaviour) when seeing predator, there is still motivation i.e. behavioural indexes (hear rate, adrenaline, etc.)<\/strong><\/p>\n
options are available i.e. peeking out window, they may opt for this and lever pressing will be less consistent<\/strong><\/p>\n
o In multiple-response situations, continued persistence is likely to reflect motivational strength<\/strong><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Does not always mean high motivation (as w\/other characteristics) o i.e. in experiment where rats had to press a level w\/certain amount of force to get food, motivation is partly due to learning vs. just vigor<\/p>\n
Nomothetic vs. Idiographic<\/strong><\/p>\n
Internal vs. External<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Needs<\/strong>: internal sources of motivation that activate and direct behaviour to items in environment that alleviate a state of deprivation o Usually physiological needs i.e. food, but can be social<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Goals<\/strong>: external sources of motivation of goal objects or social relationships o i.e. helping behaviour depends on present people; presence of others = inhibited helping responses<\/p>\n
Mechanistic vs. Cognitive<\/p>\n
Physiological Analysis<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Concerned w\/brain\u2019s control of motivated states; motivation studied by:<\/p>\n
o Shows that brain circuits may be active when reward occurs<\/p>\n
Individual Analysis<\/p>\n
o i.e. Bandura experiment showed some motivated behaviours are learned through observation, such as aggression<\/p>\n
Social Analysis<\/p>\n
Philosophical Analysis<\/p>\n
Energy<\/p>\n
o General<\/strong>: one source of energy exists for all behaviour; or o Specific<\/strong>: each behaviour has its own energy source i.e. water-directed behaviour would occur during thirst<\/p>\n
Physiological mechanisms<\/p>\n
Learning<\/p>\n
Social Interaction<\/p>\n
Cognitive Processes<\/p>\n
The Activation of Motivation<\/p>\n
Homeostasis<\/strong><\/p>\n
Hedonism<\/strong><\/p>\n
Growth Motivation <\/strong><\/p>\n
Philosophical Antecedents<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Aristotle proposed 2 important ideas:<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nature-nurture controversy<\/strong>: acquisition of behaviour through experience vs.<\/p>\n
heredity (nature) o Aristotle\u2019s theory suggests nurture (experience) o Today it is believed behaviour is combo of both<\/p>\n
(nanometers) to perception of colour (i.e. green)<\/p>\n
(complex) motives learned through association of more basic ones<\/p>\n
Physiological Antecedents<\/p>\n
o Localization of function<\/strong> within various areas of brain<\/p>\n
(2) Godlike metaphor: humans were created by God in image of God<\/p>\n
Life<\/p>\n
o Organisms that do not replicate themselves make intellectual decision (vs. biological decision) <\/strong>Mitosis and Meiosis<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reproduction occurs through<\/strong><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Motivation serves reproduction of genetic info of individual b\/c primary motives (i.e. hunger) and human motives (i.e. achievement) and serve to enhance life to increase chances of reproduction <\/strong><\/p>\n
The Advantages of Sexual Reproduction<\/p>\n
o People w\/recessive genes may be covered by dominant gene and survive; but if recessive gene is lethal, person would die early and feature of this gene and its occurrence in population\u2019s gene pool would be limited<\/strong><\/p>\n
The Pleasures of Sex<\/p>\n
Higher Motives?<\/u><\/p>\n
o Mating rituals:<\/strong> made by species to determine who will be selected for mating<\/p>\n
i.e. dance to attract mating partner<\/p>\n
Sexual Selection<\/strong><\/p>\n
bright colouration) in males = greater mating success<\/p>\n
Male versus Female Sexual Strategies<\/p>\n