A trait =<\/h1>\n

A cdusdl interndl chdrdcteristic or fedture\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Something thdt describes behdvior<\/em><\/p>\n

Traits are not the behavior itself.<\/p>\n

The Act FreBuency Approach<\/h1>\n

\n
• Traits refer to a collection of behaviors.<\/li>\n
• Someone has a trait if he or she shows the behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  Critiques:<\/p>\n

  \n
  • Same behavior can be caused by different traits<\/li>\n
  • Not showing behavior is sometimes informative<\/li>\n
  • Not all relevant behaviors can be observed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Achievements:<\/p>\n

    \n
    • Identification of which behavior corresponds to which traits<\/li>\n
    • Meaning of traits difficult to study<\/li>\n
    • Indicates cross-cultural differences in manifestation of traits<\/li>\n
    • Lends insights into phenomena<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Which traits are important?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      The lexicdl dpprodch<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

      \n
      • \u2018All the traits that are described and defined by the dictionary form the basis of the natural way of describing differences between people\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Critiques:<\/p>\n

        \n
        • Meaning is not always clear<\/li>\n
        • Personality is more than just adjectives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          The stdtisticdl dpprodch<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

          \n
          • Approach that uses factor analysis or similar statistical procedures to identify major personality traits. Goal = identifying trait dimensions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Advantage:<\/p>\n

            \n
            • Factor analysis is suitable for reducing descriptors into smaller dimensions, or factors Critique:<\/li>\n
            • Underlying dimensions depend on the variables in the analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              The theoreticdl dpprodch<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

              \n
              • Theory that predicts which trait(s) are central<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Just like with the ddtd types, it is best to use combindtions of severdl dpprodches.<\/em><\/p>\n

                Taxonomies of personality<\/h1>\n

                2 Analogies:<\/p>\n

                Tree:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eysenck\u2019s Hierdrchicdl model<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

                \n
                • Personality traits are highly heritable<\/li>\n
                • Personal traits have a psychophysiological basis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Hierarchical model:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Three higher order traits<\/p>\n

                  \n
                  • Psychoticism<\/li>\n
                  • Extraversion\/Introversion – Neuroticism\/Emotional stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    4 Levels:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                    1. Higher-order traits<\/li>\n
                    2. Less narrow traits<\/li>\n
                    3. Habitual behavior<\/li>\n
                    4. Specific behavior<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                       Advantage:<\/p>\n

                       \n
                       • Allows specific behavior to be put in a broader context.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                         Biological basis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PEN model<\/p>\n

                         \n
                         • Psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism have certain inheritance factors<\/li>\n
                         • P, E and N have identifiable physiological substrates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                           P: more testosterone<\/p>\n

                           E: less easily excitable central nervous system<\/p>\n

                           N: more labile central nervous system<\/p>\n

                           Circle: Interpersondl Circumplex<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

                           \n
                           • Jerry Wiggins extended the ideas of Timothy Leary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                             Starting point:<\/p>\n

                             \n
                             • The lexical approach<\/li>\n
                             • Focused on interpersonal traits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                               Two axes in the interpersonal circumplex are dominance and warmth. –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inherent in every social exchange<\/p>\n

                               \n
                               • Sufficient to describe how someone is in relation to another<\/li>\n
                               • Analogous to a color wheel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                 Advantages:<\/p>\n

                                 \n
                                 • Explicit definition of subject – Indicates \u2018holes\u2019 in research<\/li>\n
                                 • Specifies relationship between poles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                   Critiques:<\/p>\n

                                   \n
                                   • Limited to just dominance and warmth\n
                                     \n
                                     • Is there more to interpersonal interactions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                       Five fdctor dpprodch \u2018The Big Five\u2019<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

                                       Similarities and differences with Eysenck: –\u00a0\u00a0 E: Extravert \u2194 Introvert<\/p>\n

                                       \n
                                       • N: Neuroticism \u2194 Emotional Stability<\/li>\n
                                       • A: Friendliness \u2194 Hostility (P1)<\/li>\n
                                       • C: Conscientiousness \/ Caring (P2)<\/li>\n
                                       • O: Openness \/ Intellect (NEW)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                         Empirical evidence:<\/p>\n

                                         \n
                                         • Has often replicated over the past 50 years<\/li>\n
                                         • Found in different cultures and languages<\/li>\n
                                         • Different questionnaires\/surveys were done<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                           Critiques:<\/p>\n

                                           \n
                                           • Traits are considered one at a time<\/li>\n
                                           • Fifth factor unclear\n
                                             \n
                                             • Openness? Fantasy? Intellect?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                             • Remains descriptive and provides no process explanation – Maybe more factors?\n
                                               \n
                                               • Masculine \/ Feminine<\/li>\n
                                               • Spiritual or Religious \/ Non-believer<\/li>\n
                                               • <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                 Block (1971, 1995) (and others): Personality is about how traits or characteristics are organized within the person.<\/p>\n

                                                 Ashton & Lee (2001) said that HEXACO was the acronym (each letter means something). This theory was later nuanced by De Raad et al. (2010)<\/p>\n

                                                 \n
                                                 • Honesty\/humility<\/li>\n
                                                 • Dark \/ bright side of personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                   A trait = A cdusdl interndl chdrdcteristic or fedture\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Something thdt describes behdvior Traits are not the behavior itself. The Act FreBuency Approach Traits refer to a collection… Continue Reading Traits and trait taxonomies<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[111],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4409"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4409"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4409\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4409"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4409"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4409"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}