{"id":4409,"date":"2018-09-21T19:39:56","date_gmt":"2018-09-21T23:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4409"},"modified":"2018-09-21T19:48:49","modified_gmt":"2018-09-21T23:48:49","slug":"traits-and-trait-taxonomies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/personality\/traits-and-trait-taxonomies\/","title":{"rendered":"Traits and trait taxonomies"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>A trait =<\/h1>\n<p><em>A cdusdl interndl chdrdcteristic or fedture\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Something thdt describes behdvior<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Traits are not the behavior itself.<\/p>\n<h1>The Act FreBuency Approach<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Traits refer to a collection of behaviors.<\/li>\n<li>Someone has a trait if he or she shows the behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Critiques:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Same behavior can be caused by different traits<\/li>\n<li>Not showing behavior is sometimes informative<\/li>\n<li>Not all relevant behaviors can be observed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Achievements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identification of which behavior corresponds to which traits<\/li>\n<li>Meaning of traits difficult to study<\/li>\n<li>Indicates cross-cultural differences in manifestation of traits<\/li>\n<li>Lends insights into phenomena<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Which traits are important?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><u>The lexicdl dpprodch<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018All the traits that are described and defined by the dictionary form the basis of the natural way of describing differences between people\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Critiques:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meaning is not always clear<\/li>\n<li>Personality is more than just adjectives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><u>The stdtisticdl dpprodch<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Approach that uses factor analysis or similar statistical procedures to identify major personality traits. Goal = identifying trait dimensions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Advantage:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Factor analysis is suitable for reducing descriptors into smaller dimensions, or factors Critique:<\/li>\n<li>Underlying dimensions depend on the variables in the analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><u>The theoreticdl dpprodch<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Theory that predicts which trait(s) are central<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Just like with the ddtd types, it is best to use combindtions of severdl dpprodches.<\/em><\/p>\n<h1>Taxonomies of personality<\/h1>\n<p>2 Analogies:<\/p>\n<p><em>Tree:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <u>Eysenck\u2019s Hierdrchicdl model<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Personality traits are highly heritable<\/li>\n<li>Personal traits have a psychophysiological basis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hierarchical model:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Three higher order traits<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Psychoticism<\/li>\n<li>Extraversion\/Introversion &#8211; Neuroticism\/Emotional stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4 Levels:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Higher-order traits<\/li>\n<li>Less narrow traits<\/li>\n<li>Habitual behavior<\/li>\n<li>Specific behavior<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Advantage:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allows specific behavior to be put in a broader context.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Biological basis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PEN model<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism have certain inheritance factors<\/li>\n<li>P, E and N have identifiable physiological substrates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P: more testosterone<\/p>\n<p>E: less easily excitable central nervous system<\/p>\n<p>N: more labile central nervous system<\/p>\n<p><em>Circle: <u>Interpersondl Circumplex<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jerry Wiggins extended the ideas of Timothy Leary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Starting point:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The lexical approach<\/li>\n<li>Focused on interpersonal traits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Two axes in the interpersonal circumplex are dominance and warmth. &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inherent in every social exchange<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sufficient to describe how someone is in relation to another<\/li>\n<li>Analogous to a color wheel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Advantages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explicit definition of subject &#8211; Indicates \u2018holes\u2019 in research<\/li>\n<li>Specifies relationship between poles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Critiques:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Limited to just dominance and warmth\n<ul>\n<li>Is there more to interpersonal interactions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><u>Five fdctor dpprodch \u2018The Big Five\u2019<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Similarities and differences with Eysenck: &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 E: Extravert \u2194 Introvert<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N: Neuroticism \u2194 Emotional Stability<\/li>\n<li>A: Friendliness \u2194 Hostility (P1)<\/li>\n<li>C: Conscientiousness \/ Caring (P2)<\/li>\n<li>O: Openness \/ Intellect (NEW)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Empirical evidence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Has often replicated over the past 50 years<\/li>\n<li>Found in different cultures and languages<\/li>\n<li>Different questionnaires\/surveys were done<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Critiques:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Traits are considered one at a time<\/li>\n<li>Fifth factor unclear\n<ul>\n<li>Openness? Fantasy? Intellect?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Remains descriptive and provides no process explanation &#8211; Maybe more factors?\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine \/ Feminine<\/li>\n<li>Spiritual or Religious \/ Non-believer<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Block (1971, 1995) (and others): Personality is about how traits or characteristics are organized within the person.<\/p>\n<p>Ashton &amp; Lee (2001) said that HEXACO was the acronym (each letter means something). This theory was later nuanced by De Raad et al. (2010)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Honesty\/humility<\/li>\n<li>Dark \/ bright side of personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A trait = A cdusdl interndl chdrdcteristic or fedture\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Something thdt describes behdvior Traits are not the behavior itself. The Act FreBuency Approach Traits refer to a collection&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/personality\/traits-and-trait-taxonomies\/\">Continue Reading<span> Traits and trait taxonomies<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[111],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4409"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4409"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4409\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4409"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4409"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4409"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}