Why are humans exceptional?<\/u><\/p>\n

-language and writing<\/p>\n

-building and using things<\/p>\n

-domesticating animals<\/p>\n

-social controls<\/p>\n

-cultivating crops<\/p>\n

-visiting places<\/p>\n

-altering things<\/p>\n

–MOST IMPORTANTLY<\/em>: our unparalleled capacity to change our behavior to suit the circumstances we are in.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Processes that Give Humans their Great Flexibility<\/u><\/p>\n

-learning and memory<\/p>\n

Learning<\/h2>\n

-a change in the organism, due to experience, which can affect the organism\u2019s behavior<\/p>\n

Memory <\/u>-the persistence of that change over time<\/p>\n

Humans\u2019 Learning:<\/u><\/p>\n

-we are freed in our learning by the use of language, the here and now but also from reality.<\/p>\n

Individuals Interested in Learning and Memory:<\/u><\/p>\n

-psychologists Pclinical, behavioral, physiological, etc)<\/p>\n

-educators, teachers and parents<\/p>\n

-computer scientists involved with AI<\/p>\n

-animal trainers and pet owners<\/p>\n

**learning and memory involves ALL of us.<\/p>\n

The Present Status of the Field:<\/u><\/p>\n

\n
• Science is not an agreed-upon knowledge. It is a method by which knowledge is acquired. It isabout how the agreement is reached.<\/li>\n
• Experimental psychology is not without agreed-upon facts. Replicable experimental results are a prerequisite for the existence of a scientific discipline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  What is Lacking in the Psychology of Learning and Memory?<\/u><\/p>\n

  -Theoretical interpretations of the phenomena with which all psychologists agree<\/p>\n

  Reasons for a Lack of a Universal Theory in Psychology:<\/u><\/p>\n

  \n
  • It is a young field of about a century old PPhysics is way older)<\/li>\n
  • Psychology\u2019s subject matter is complex Pthe confusion, disagreement and controversy stem from the subject matter itself. The human mind is the most difficult challenge science has ever faced).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The Psychology of Learning and Memory Has Roots in 2 Different Disciplines:<\/u><\/p>\n

    \n
    • Philosophy<\/strong> Pan interest in knowledge and epistemology)<\/li>\n
    • Biology<\/strong> Pan interest in adaptation and experience)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0Philosophy <\/u><\/strong>:<\/u><\/p>\n

      -Represented through psychology by a collection of attitudes called cognitivism.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Cognitivism:<\/strong> Views learning primarily as the acquisition of knowledge.<\/p>\n

      -Interested in cognitions or mental events, ideas, thoughts, purposes, conscious awareness, images, feelings and acts of will.<\/p>\n

      –Human Memory Investigators<\/strong> have a strong cognitive bias<\/p>\n

      Biology:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Represented through psychology by behaviorism.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Behaviorism:<\/strong> learning refers to a change in behavior.<\/p>\n

      -Interested in the principles of operation of the device producing the behavior and not referring to mental events Pinherently unscientific)<\/p>\n

      –Researchers for Animal Learning<\/strong> adopt a behaviorist view of learning.<\/p>\n

      From 1885-1920:<\/u><\/p>\n

      -The field was dominated by interest in the role in learning and memory of mental events<\/strong> (cognitivism)<\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Most research used human subjects<\/strong><\/p>\n

      From 1920-1930<\/h2>\n

      -Shift of influence towards behaviorism<\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Most research used animal subjects<\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Avoided reference to mental events<\/p>\n

      From 1960-present<\/h2>\n

      -Resurgence Previval) of cognitivism<\/strong><\/p>\n

      -Strongly influenced by computers <\/strong>P\u201cthinking machines\u201d) -Behaviorism has lost its grip on the field.<\/p>\n

      Ethology:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      -the study of the behavior of animals in their natural surroundings<\/p>\n

      -forcing behaviorists to radically alter their views of learning<\/p>\n

      Ebbinghaus<\/u><\/p>\n

      -did the first formal experiments on human learning and memory<\/p>\n

      Introspectionists<\/u><\/p>\n

      -tried to study mental events directly by looking inward on the mind<\/p>\n

      Thorndike and Pavlov<\/u><\/p>\n

      -conducted pioneering research on animal learning around the beginning of this century<\/p>\n

      Watson<\/u><\/p>\n

      -the founder of behaviorism<\/p>\n

      Gestalt Psychologists<\/h2>\n

      -their work on memory was not widely appreciated until the renaissance of cognitivism many years later<\/p>\n

      Tolman<\/h2>\n

      -championed a cognitivist theory of animal learning during a period when behaviorist sentiment prevailed<\/p>\n

      Skinner and Haul<\/u><\/p>\n

      -the most influential proponents of behaviorism<\/p>\n

      The Information-Processing Psychologists<\/h2>\n

      -their use of the computer analogy has revolutionized cognitive psychology in general and the area of human memory in particular<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Why are humans exceptional? -language and writing -building and using things -domesticating animals -social controls -cultivating crops -visiting places -altering things –MOST IMPORTANTLY: our unparalleled capacity to change our… Continue Reading Introduction to Learning (Douglas H. Hintzman)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[113],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4478"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4478"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4478\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}