Donald Thompson: because a suspect himself when he was found to match a rape victims<\/p>\n
Description of her rapist, in reality she was watching Thompson on TV just prior to being raped, She confused her memory<\/p>\n
-Explicit memory = episodic memory<\/p>\n
Perspectives on memory <\/strong><\/p>\n Record keeping vs. constructionist (superior) accounts of memory <\/strong><\/p>\n -Principle of memory: to preserve the past, it is designed to retain records of previous<\/p>\n Experiences, has lead to \u2013> Record keeping approach<\/strong>: this theory claims memory acts as a kind of storage bin in which records of experience are placed Plike books in a library) record keeping is a family of theories that have in common the following principles:<\/p>\n Some versions of record keeping theory claim that memory record is never really lost and that all past experiences are potentially recoverable<\/p>\n No record by record account of past events is maintained in storage system<\/p>\n Historical support for record keeping<\/strong><\/p>\n -Historically it has been record keeping metaphors that have dominated thinking about memory – Plato used in wax table analogy<\/p>\n -Memory metaphors: library, storehouse, key store cards, tape records, file systems<\/p>\n -Memory research began with publications of Hermann Ebbinghau\u2019s Uber das Gadachtnis<\/em>\u00a0 in this study he presented him self with a lists of arbitrary words or syllables and counted the number of trials it took to remember, by doing this he established several important principles of memory:<\/p>\n His primary concern was to demonstrate that human memory is an orderly and measurable phenomenon that can be described with the same precision as biological phenomena<\/p>\n Free recall test: <\/strong>write down all the words on the list<\/p>\n Cue recall test:<\/strong> what word was paired with duck on the list Recognition tests:<\/strong> did the word duck appear on the list<\/p>\n -Another development that encouraged the use of record keeping theories of memory was the invention of the digital computer<\/p>\n Historical support for constructionalist theories of memory <\/strong><\/p>\n Freud<\/strong> held a constructionist approach, wrote about how people falsify their memories<\/p>\n Bertlett<\/strong> was one of the first to establish a research program investigating the experimental implications of constructionism famous study \u201cwar of the ghosts<\/strong>\u201d participant had to recall story with as much detail as possible at different time intervals. This story seemed off to people raised in western cultures, Bartlett found that his subjects\u2019 recollection of the story were incomplete and often distorted, they had trouble remembering the unusual names, they invented plausible transitions and they altered the facts about the ghost or could not remember anything about the ghost \u2013Bartlett argue that they used their western culture knowledge and the nature of the stories to imaginatively reconstruct the story \u2013 when relevant cultural information is missing, subjects\u2019 memories were transformed to make their recollection consistent with their culture knowledge and values<\/p>\n *Remembering is a form of reconstruction in which various sources of knowledge are used to infer past experiences <\/strong><\/p>\n –Neisser<\/strong> claimed in his book that memory is like problem solving, a matter of taking existing knowledge and memories of previous reconstructions to create a plausible rendition of some particular past event Preconstructing a dinosaurs skeleton) he believed \u201cexecutive routines\u201d<\/strong> guide the process of gathering and interpreting evidence upon which the reconstruction of the past is based Pexecutive routines were strategies acquired thorough experience)<\/p>\n -Neurophysiology not storage bin in the brain instead memory reflects changes in neurons involved in perception, experiences result in altering streghths of connection between neurons the brain is constantly tuning itself<\/p>\n Retaining experiences in memory <\/strong><\/p>\n Record keeping:<\/strong> a record of each memory is put into a storage bin<\/p>\n Constructionalist approach: <\/strong>is the various cognitive systems are changed by experience by no record by record account of the experiences are stored anywhere, the cognitive system is designed to extract the unchanging elements or patterns from experience and to note deviations from enduring patterns<\/p>\n A constructionist account of retention <\/strong>– Remember what you ate last Thursday?<\/p>\n -Constructionist theory then, predicts that people will not be able to remember very well the constantly changing details of events, such as a particular entr\u00e9e for a given dinner or color of shirt. But it should be easy for people to remember the invariants<\/strong> or enduring pattern of events such as always drinking a beverage with dinner, always wearing the same shirt<\/p>\n Evidence for the constructionist account of retention <\/strong><\/p>\n *There is empirical evidence that memory preserves patterns but not details of experience -Memory for patterns, remember the gist but not the detail<\/p>\n Accurate memory <\/strong><\/p>\n The record keeping of memory claims that accurate memory occurs when a person successfully locates a memory record<\/p>\n Constructionist theory implies that there are three circumstances in which memory is likely to be accurate:<\/p>\n 1.Constructionist theory predicts that repetitious events, like always having ice team with dinner should be remembered because they promote the creation of strong connections among elements \u2013 information that is repeated is more likely to be remembered Precord keeping believes this too because you would have increase number of records for that one event)<\/p>\n 2.Constructionist theory predicts that recent events, such as what one ate for breakfast this morning, should be well remembered, because the strength of the connections among elements representing recent events would no yet be weakened by subsequent events Precent easier to remember, push down stack)<\/p>\n 3.Constructionist theory predicts that unusual or distinctive events should be well remembered because they promote the creation of a connections among elements that would not likely be reconfigured by future events, unusual events like nauseated from lamb chops Pdistinctive events are better remembered) The Von Restorff effect<\/strong>: something that is different stands out and is easier to remember, subjects were more likely to recognize the faces they rated as distinctive than the faces they rated as common, another example an animal name in a list of countries, bizarre imagery really does improve memory, but if subjects are required to make bizarre images for all the words on the list then the individual differences are not distinctive, the superiority of the bizarre image technique is greater if the memory test is done days after studying the list<\/p>\n Memory for a remarkable event is called flashbulb memory<\/strong>: it is vivid because the event is distinctive and because people talk about and think about the event much more frequently than about other more mundane experiences<\/p>\n Brain stimulation and accurate memory<\/strong><\/p>\n Dr. Penfield brain surgeon who removed parts of the brain Pcortical tissue) to prevent the spread of brain seizures in epileptic patients -> by doing this he figured out that the cortex must keep a record of all past experience and that forgetting must be to retrieval failure<\/p>\n Recognition and accurate memory<\/strong><\/p>\n Autobiographical memory<\/strong><\/p>\n A theory used to sometime support that nearly all experience is retrievable comes from individuals who have for years kept records of details of important autobiographical experiences and later tired to recall some of those details<\/p>\n Wagenaar remember the same events for years they were all distinct, he had no foils: events that could plausibly have happened to him but didn\u2019t<\/p>\n -Research on autobiographical memory does not prove that we have accurate and detailed memory for nearly all of our experiences, it suggests that we can remember some of the details of our most distinctive experiences<\/p>\n Photographic memory<\/strong><\/p>\n Photographic is meant to be a metaphor for extraordinary memory for all kinds of information – Example of S.V had a rare ability known as synesthesia:<\/strong> the ability to conjure up vivid images of light, color, taste and touch associated with almost any sound, S.V would retrieve words from memory by taking a mental walk noticing images associated with the landmarks, this mnemonic technique Pis a strategy for memorizing) is called method of loci<\/strong>: helps make information more distinctive<\/p>\n -Example of Rajan who was amazing at remembering numbers, used a rather vaguely described mnemonic system whereby numbers are associate with numerical locations in a series \u2013 these people are good at using mnemonic memorizing strategies<\/p>\n The Assimilation principle<\/strong><\/p>\n Making information distinctive or associating information with distinctive images and ideas can promote better memory of that information -> learning strategies<\/p>\n -Learning strategy is based on the principle that memory for an event will be improved to the extent that the event can be assimilated into something that already exists in memory – This principle is called the assimilation principle<\/strong><\/p>\n The assimilation principle levels of processing <\/strong><\/p>\n Levels of processing: when people think about the meaning of information, they remember more of it than when they think about the physical properties vs. when they merely try to rote Prepetition) memorize information, elaborating on the meaning is a more effective learning strategy than is rote memorizing<\/p>\n Example study: subjects who studied a list of words by elaborating each word into complete sentences later recalled more of the words than subjects who only rote memorized the words<\/p>\n Individual differences in memory <\/strong><\/p>\n Record keeping theories <\/strong>say: that there is an all purpose memory system for storing every kind of experience, the reason some people have better memories than others is that some people have more efficient mechanism for storing and retrieving records<\/p>\n Constructionist theories<\/strong> say: there is no all-purpose memory system; instead there is a by-product of changes to the various components of cognition that underlie perception. People vary with the respect to how much they know about various domains of knowledge, some people have more expertise in the domain of knowledge sampled by the test of memory, how much knowledge they already posses about the domain BUT not always true, knowledge does not guarantee better memory for new info in that domain, the person has to know how to use the knowledge for learning and remembering * Human memory is to anticipate the future<\/p>\n Recollecting the past <\/strong><\/p>\n Record keeping<\/strong> claims that recollecting the pats means searching through a storehouse of records of past evens until the target record is retrieved, reading memory is like re-experiencing the past event<\/p>\n Constructionist theory<\/strong> claims that recollecting the past is essentially a process of reconstructing the past from information in the current environment and from connections serving various cognitive systems, recollection is an active process akin to fantasizing or speculating about the future, where by recreate or infer their past rather than experience it<\/p>\n Reconstructing the past <\/strong><\/p>\n Eyewitness memory and reconstruction <\/strong><\/p>\n -Eyewitnesses tend to distort their memories of crimes and accidents based on information they received after the crime -> photo bias:<\/strong> example with photos and line up: subjects tend to be bias towards identifying as the perpetrator any suspect whose photo they had recently seen, just go from memory not very accurate, I.e. Accident questions, witnesses use information implied by the question to reconstruct the details of the accident<\/p>\n Source memory:<\/strong> is good when it is easy for subjects to discriminate between the experience of seeing the film and reading the text BUT poor if the misleading suggestions contained in the text are repeated several times rather then presented in the text only once<\/p>\n Hypnosis and memory<\/strong><\/p>\n -HYPNOSIS DOES NOT REALLY WORK<\/p>\n The influence of beliefs on memory <\/strong><\/p>\n Confidence and accuracy <\/strong><\/p>\n remembered accurately then when an event is remembered inaccurately<\/p>\n The overlap principle also know as encoding specificity <\/strong><\/p>\n -Memory for an event is more accurate when the environment at the time of recollection resembles the environment of the original experienced event<\/p>\n Overlap principal:<\/strong> people for the past event improves to the extent that the elements of the recollection overlap with elements of past event Penvironment meaning cognitive and emotional state)<\/p>\n Problem solving and other overlap principles <\/strong><\/p>\n –Transfer appropriate processing<\/strong> are a manifestation of the overlap principle<\/strong>, if the cognitive process taking place in the testing environment resembles that taking place in the original learning environment, then what is learned will likely transfer on to the test Pthe minister marries many women riddle)<\/p>\n Recognition versus recall<\/strong><\/p>\n Forgetting <\/strong><\/p>\n If we don\u2019t pay attention we are more likely to forget information<\/p>\n Inference <\/strong><\/p>\n Another important reason for forgetting, is that one\u2019s memory for any given event from one\u2019s past is undermined by the occurrence of other events<\/p>\n Proactive inference:<\/strong> when memory for an event is undermined by events that precede it, Pexample students, read passage before critical one messed them up, recalled less about the critical passage) Retroactive inference:<\/strong> when memory for an event is undermined by events that follow it Pexample of participants remembering non sense syllables if they stayed awake had a harder time remembering\/interference, more interfering events versus sleeping participants)<\/p>\n Fan affect:<\/strong> the more facts that \u201cfan off\u201d a concept, the longer it takes to verify whether any given fact about the concept was previously memorized, the more facts associated with a character or with location the longer it takes to decide if the fact is true or false<\/p>\n –Explaining interference record keeping<\/strong>: people search memory records by first finding in memory a target element, such as a character\u2019s profession-> people then scan through the set of facts associated with the target element until the desired fact is found or until the search is exhausted -> the more associations to be searched, or the longer or more effort it takes to find the desired fact, the more likely the fact will not be found. It is as if facts stored in memory compete with the target information for the attention of the search process<\/p>\n -Explaining inference constructionist theory:<\/strong> the constructionist theory is able to explain both the decline in memory performance exhibited in the memorization experiments and the lack of decline in memory observed in ordinary day-to-day situations or in experts, example of memorizing lists of words, cognitive elements used to understand and recollect the first list would be configured when the second list was studied thereby undermining memory for the details of the first list.<\/p>\n -Memorization would be poor and slower if a person memorized several related lists than if a person has to memorize unrelated lists, stability in an adult\u2019s memory skill occurs because the elements used to understand experiences do not expand in number as a result of having many experiences, only the connection among elements change with experience<\/p>\n -When the facts were related by a theme, subjects took about as long to verify facts about characters when there were 6 related facts to memorize about that character as when there was only one fact to memorize -The constructionist explanation is that when the facts are related by a theme, that theme can be used to reconstruct where the fact fits the theme and so must be true or does not fit the theme and so must be false -Constructionist theory implies that interferences depends on what kind of information subjects are asked to remember<\/p>\n Bower, increase the amount of information can improve memory for patterns but undermine memory for details, example: bower found that subjects who studied the related passages recalled fewer detail Pe.g father was a servant) but more general patterns of the passage Pe.g. the passage mentioned the fathers occupation) than did subjects who studied unrelated passages<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Donald Thompson: because a suspect himself when he was found to match a rape victims Description of her rapist, in reality she was watching Thompson on TV just prior… Continue Reading Perspectives on memory<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[113],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4484"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4484"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4484\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4484"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
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