{"id":4561,"date":"2018-10-27T14:59:27","date_gmt":"2018-10-27T18:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4561"},"modified":"2018-10-27T15:24:44","modified_gmt":"2018-10-27T19:24:44","slug":"prosocial-behaviour","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/positive-psychology\/prosocial-behaviour\/","title":{"rendered":"Prosocial Behaviour"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today\u2019s Goals<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss projects &amp; final papers<\/li>\n<li>Mini review: Post-trauma growth<\/li>\n<li>Consider classic approaches to helping behaviour<\/li>\n<li>Explore whether or when prosocial behaviour might be \u2018automatic\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mini-review: Post-Traumatic Growth<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the pattern of depression (over time) that predicts high mortality following heart attacks?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Emerging depression participants were most likely to die in subsequent follow-up<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What do prospective studies of earthquakes suggest about how people change in response?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rumination associated with more distress<\/p>\n<p>Anxious people before hand, were same people who had the after<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What are some ways people perceive growth following traumatic events?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Meaning in life<\/p>\n<p>Appreciation of life<\/p>\n<p>New possibilities<\/p>\n<p>Spiritual<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>According to the Frazier et al. study, how are perceptions of post traumatic growth related to actual changes over time?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Personal strength<\/p>\n<p>Relating to others<\/p>\n<p>Sense of meaning<\/p>\n<p>Spiritual commitment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What are the main limitations of the Frazier et al. study?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Prosocial Behaviour<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A general term<\/li>\n<li>Includes anything that increases another\u2019s well-being.\n<ul>\n<li>Cooperation o Helping o Sharing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Does not need to be \u2018altruistic\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Classic Approaches to Helping<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The bystander effect o Diffusion of responsibility, reinterpretation, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Evolutionary approaches o Kin selection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Helping family members o Reciprocal altruism<\/p>\n<p>We help because there is an adaptive advantage, specifically, that if you help others will help you in the future<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Negative state relief<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Seeing someone in need of help produced a negative state and helping them removes this negative state and even get a mood boost<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Empathy-altruism (without cost\/benefit)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>People can be altruistic, they can help others without carefully considering the cost\/benefits<\/p>\n<p>Doesn&#8217;t mean that those benefits don&#8217;t come but that they are not part of the consideration<\/p>\n<p>More likely to help if we can put ourselves in others shoes (empathy)<\/p>\n<p>More empathy for person = more likely to help them<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Person differences: empathy, agreeableness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>People higher in empathy and agreeableness are more likely to help other people<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Prosocial Behaviour<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Very common in people<\/li>\n<li>Consider donations, volunteering, heroes and everyday favors\u2026 o But, many counter examples too Divergent views about causes (previous slide)<\/li>\n<li>What about \u2018processes\u2019?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Understand how emotion and cognition come together, and when and why they lead to helping behaviour<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Reflective Model of Prosocial Behaviour<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Assumes people are \u2018naturally\u2019 selfish<\/li>\n<li>Yet we can behave in prosocial ways<\/li>\n<li>Helping especially common in humans<\/li>\n<li>Perhaps due to other \u2018human\u2019 capabilities o Self-control, delay of gratification, thoughtful choice, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Intuitive Prosociality<\/p>\n<p>Intuitive Model of Prosocial Behaviour<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Could prosocial behavior\/preference be more basic or intuitive (at least sometimes)?<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive approach<\/li>\n<li>Neuroscience correlates Parts of brain that are active<\/li>\n<li>Developmental emergence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If little kids like to help from an early age, that maybe suggests helping is innate and intuitive<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cognitive Approach<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018System 1\u2019 vs. \u2018System 2\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some cognitive processes are quick, without much if any thought vs. other processes that weight cost\/benefits, and think more<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Often assessed with o Speed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Quicker &#8211; system 1 o Distraction<\/p>\n<p>Better able to do task with distractions &#8211; system 1 o (Priming)<\/p>\n<p>Prime participants either with idea that they should go with their gut, or stop and think<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Here, applied to public goods game<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Public Goods Game<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You are paired with 3 other people.<\/li>\n<li>Everyone has 40 cents to play with.<\/li>\n<li>You can keep it, or contribute some to the group\u2019s common project.<\/li>\n<li>Money in the common project is doubled, then split equally among 4.<\/li>\n<li>If all contribute 40 cents, each gets 80 cents<\/li>\n<li>If all others contribute, but you keep, you get 100 cents; others get 60 cents (mhwaaaaahaaa)<\/li>\n<li>You only get 1 of every 2 cents you contribute<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Public Goods Game Results<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PGG with forced response time<\/li>\n<li>PGG with mindset manipulated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Neuroscience Correlates<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Generally associated with reward seeking: o Ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex<\/li>\n<li>Generally associated with cognitive control:\n<ul>\n<li>lateral prefrontal cortex &amp; anterior cingulate cortex<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Compared across o Seeing fair outcomes o Seeing another get rewards o Donating money<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Early Development<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recall \u2018giving to monkey\u2019 study<\/li>\n<li>Preference for prosocial actors<\/li>\n<li>Helping without request<\/li>\n<li>Offering useful information<\/li>\n<li>Fair (or no) allocations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Among children &#8211; to the point where they would give up sources to achieve fairness in numbers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Significant because age seems younger than much delay or control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Summary<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prosocial behaviour may be intuitive or \u2018easy\u2019 o Automaticity o Neural correlates o Development<\/li>\n<li>BUT, these are demonstrations \u2018sometimes\u2019 o People also do horrible things<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>How can we foster prosociality?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today\u2019s Goals Discuss projects &amp; final papers Mini review: Post-trauma growth Consider classic approaches to helping behaviour Explore whether or when prosocial behaviour might be \u2018automatic\u2019 &nbsp; Mini-review: Post-Traumatic&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/positive-psychology\/prosocial-behaviour\/\">Continue Reading<span> Prosocial Behaviour<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[116],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4561"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4561"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4561\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}