{"id":4637,"date":"2018-12-16T10:31:08","date_gmt":"2018-12-16T15:31:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4637"},"modified":"2019-05-25T23:04:34","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T03:04:34","slug":"physical-activity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/physical-activity\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical Activity"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Physical Activity Epidemiology<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Epidemic: <\/strong>Anything that affects a large number of people; study patterns of disease, risk \u00a0factors and causes<\/p>\n<p><strong>Epidemiology:<\/strong> Study of epidemics; dealing with the incidence, distribution and control of a \u00a0disease in a population<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>Epidemic of Physical Inactivity<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physical inactivity<\/strong> and <strong>poor diet<\/strong> \u00a0o Responsible for at least 16 \u00a0of deaths each year in the United States, \u00a0according to CDC\u00a0 Center for Disease Control<\/li>\n<li>Two of the leading causes of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers<\/li>\n<li><strong>Industrial Revolution-Information Age \u00a0<\/strong>o Increased technology<\/li>\n<li>Reduced occupational physical activity o Increased stress<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Healthy People 2020<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 US Department of Health and Human Services task force<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Builds upon Healthy People 2010<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Created specific objectives for US physical activity by 2020<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Goal<\/strong>: Improved health, fitness, and quality of life of US population through daily \u00a0physical activity\u00a0 basically identical goals to People 2010, meaning that those goals \u00a0were not achieved<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Examples of Healthy People 2010 Physical Activity and Fitness Objectives:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reduce the proportion of adults who engage in no leisure-time physical activity<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Increase the proportion of adolescents who engage in moderate physical activity for \u00a0at least 30 mi, 5 times a week.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Reverse trend in school curriculum. Increase the proportion of nation\u2019s public and \u00a0private schools that require daily physical education for all students<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Increase the proportion of worksites offering employer-sponsored activity and \u00a0fitness programs<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Increase the proportion of trips made by walking and bicycling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Measurement of Physical Activity Behavior<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Self report-survey <\/strong>\u00a0subjective measures <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Questionnaire or interview o Daily activity log\u00a0 but more time consuming \u00a0\u00a0o Physical activity recall\u00a0 ex: Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0o Used for larger sample sizes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Objective-Technological Devices <\/strong>\u00a0objective measures <strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>o Heart rate monitor<strong> \u00a0<\/strong>o Pedometer<strong> \u00a0<\/strong>o Accelerometer<\/li>\n<li>GPS<\/li>\n<li>Used for smaller sample sizes, but data is much more accurate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Observation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct or Indirect o Ex: Class attendance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Epidemiology of Physical Inactivity\u00a0 The 5 W\u2019s<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Who: <\/strong>To what extent are individuals within a particular society physically active?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Where: <\/strong>Where are people most likely to engage in physical activity?<\/p>\n<p><strong>When: <\/strong>What variables exist in physical activity patterns across groups of individuals?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why: <\/strong>Why are certain individuals physically active while others are not? \u00a0<strong>What: <\/strong>In what physical activities are people most engaged?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines<\/h2>\n<p><u>For children 5-11 years:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For health benefits, children aged 5-11 years old should accumulate at least 60 \u00a0minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity daily. This should \u00a0include: \u00a0o Vigorous-intensity activities at least 3 days per week \u00a0o Activities that strengthen muscles and bone at least 3 days per week \u00a0o More daily physical activity provides greater health benefits \u00a0<u>For youth 12-17 years:<\/u><\/li>\n<li>For health benefits, youth ages 12-17 years should accumulate at least 60 minutes of \u00a0moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity daily. This should include: \u00a0o Vigorous- intensity activities at least 3 days per week \u00a0o Activities that strengthen muscles and bone at least 3 days per week \u00a0o More daily physical activity provides greater health benefits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>For adults 18-64 years:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 To achieve health benefits, adult\u2019s ages 18-64 years should accumulate at least 150 \u00a0minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity per week, in \u00a0bouts of 10 minutes or more. It is also beneficial to add muscle and bone \u00a0strengthening activities using major muscle groups at least 2 days per week. More \u00a0physical activity provides greater health benefits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>For older adults 65 years and older:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 To achieve health benefits, adults ages 65 years and older should accumulate at least \u00a0150 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity per week, in \u00a0bouts of 10 minutes or more. It is also beneficial to add muscle and bone \u00a0strengthening activities using major muscle groups at least 2 days per week. Those \u00a0with poor mobility should perform physical activities to enhance balance and \u00a0prevent falling. More physical activity provides greater health benefits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Physical Activity Participation Around the World<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Countries studied<\/strong>: Australia, Canada, England, Scotland, United States<\/p>\n<p><strong>Demographics Studied: <\/strong>Age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, level<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Sedentary Lifestyles Across the Globe<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In general 50-70 \u00a0of adults in countries studied <strong>do not <\/strong>meet recommendations<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Percentage of sedentary adults in each country:<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Australia: 15<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 United States: 40<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brazil 87<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note:+<\/em>In Canada there has been a positive trend in levels of moderate PA, from 40 \u00a0in 1997 \u00a0to 49 \u00a0in 2005<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Age and Physical Activity<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Increased age means decreased physical activity<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Sample data:<\/li>\n<li>In Australia, sedentary rates triple, from 6.3 for 18-29 year olds to 18 \u00a0\u00a0for 60-75 year olds<\/li>\n<li>In Canada, children 1-4 spend approx. 28 hours per week being physically active, while teenagers 13-17 spend <strong>half<\/strong> that time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Childhood PA patterns are NOT related to adult PA levels<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Challenge is to determine how to transfer children\u2019s enjoyment of sports-play \u00a0into <strong>lifetime<\/strong> physical activities<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Older adults particularly at risk of being sedentary. English adults 75+ years: less \u00a0than 20 \u00a0engage in medium or high levels of physical activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Gender and Physical Activity<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Men have historically been more physically active then women<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Canada: 54 \u00a0male, 45 \u00a0female moderately active\u00a0 i.e., at least 30 min of \u00a0moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Men are more likely to engage in vigorous activities, while women engage in \u00a0more moderate-intensity activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Ethnicity and Physical Activity<\/h2>\n<p>Data available only for USA:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Caucasians tend to be more physically active than other ethnic groups<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Caucasians tend to engage in more vigorous physical activity than other groups<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Hispanic and African Americans are the lowest<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Fewer Caucasian high school students\u00a0 27 \u00a0\u00a0watch TV for more than two hours \u00a0compared to Hispanic\u00a0 43 \u00a0\u00a0and African American\u00a0 63 \u00a0\u00a0students<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 A greater proportion of Hispanic children\u00a0 36 \u00a0\u00a0participate in daily PE at school \u00a0than other groups\u00a0 29 \u00a0Caucasians, 32 \u00a0African Americans , but not sure why<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Socioeconomic Status and Physical Activity<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Although the relationship between income level and physical activity \u00a0participation has typically been viewed as a relatively direct and linear one, this \u00a0finding is not consistent across countries<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 This relationship holds best for Canadian and Brazilian adults<\/li>\n<li>PA rates in Australian adults: \u00a0o 65 \u00a0with <strong>highest<\/strong> incomes engaging in sufficient PA, but only 30 \u00a0with \u00a0<strong>lowest<\/strong> incomes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o When considering adults who are active at insufficient levels, no \u00a0difference is observed with income<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Education Level and Physical Activity<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 For most countries including Canada, moderate to vigorous physical activity \u00a0levels increase with higher education levels<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Sedentary rates decline sharply with increased education levels<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vigorous activity- sharpest increase<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Proportion of U.S. Teens Engaged in Various Doses of Physical Activity\u00a0 By Education \u00a0Level<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Parents\u2019 education influences adolescents\u2019 PA in same pattern<\/li>\n<li>If parents\u2019 education is: \u00a0o &lt; High school: 50 \u00a0teens engage in vigorous PA \u00a0o High school graduate: 54 \u00a0teems engage in vigorous PA \u00a0o Some college: 68 \u00a0teens engage in vigorous PA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Summary of Physical Activity Participation Patterns<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Worldwide PA levels are extremely low<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Time engaged in PA declines with<strong> age<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Men <\/strong>are more likely to engage in vigorous exercise, but <strong>women<\/strong> tend to engage \u00a0in as much, if not more, moderate activity<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Low income<\/strong> groups and <strong>ethnic minorities <\/strong>tend to participate in less physical \u00a0activity than the general population<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 The higher an individual\u2019s\u00a0 or parent\u2019s \u00a0<strong>education<\/strong> level the greater the \u00a0participation in physical activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Consequences of Physical Activity and Inactivity<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Physically active people have <strong>lower <\/strong>overall <strong>allLcause mortality<\/strong> rates then \u00a0sedentary people<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Midlife increase in physical activity is associated with <strong>reduced risk<\/strong> of mortality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Morbidity\u00a0 Disease \u00a0in U.S.<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>14 million Americans have Chronic Heart Disease \u00a0&#8211; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &gt;1 million have a heart attack each year<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 18 million have adult-onset diabetes\u00a0 Type II<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 50 million have high blood pressure<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 &gt;120 million are overweight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>How do we Investigate the Relationship Between PA and Morbidity-Mortality Rates?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Longitudinal Studies <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Large-scale studies that examine the behavior of a specific group of people \u00a0over a long period of time<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>San Francisco Longshoreman<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Participants were thousands of longshore workers<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 22 year follow-up period\u00a0 1951-1972<\/li>\n<li><strong>Measures: \u00a0<\/strong>o <em>Work<\/em> activity\u00a0 energy expenditure \u00a0\u00a0o Coronary Heart Disease\u00a0 CHD \u00a0records \u00a0o Mortality data<\/li>\n<li><strong>Findings: \u00a0<\/strong>o Men who had expended 8500 kilocalories-week on the job had a <u>lower risk<em>+<\/em><\/u>of \u00a0death from CHD <u>at any age<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Harvard Alumni Study<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 17,000 Harvard Alumni<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 16 year follow-up period\u00a0 1962-1978<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Measures: <\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Self-reported <u>leisure time<\/u> physical activity o Coronary Heart Disease\u00a0 CHD records \u00a0\u00a0o Mortality data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Findings: \u00a0<\/strong>o Men had a <u>53 \u00a0reduction<\/u> in all-cause mortality when participating at least <u>3<\/u> \u00a0hours-week of leisure-time activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>On average, active individuals lived <u>2 years<\/u> longer than inactive individuals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Special Populations<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 True or False?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o People with a disability or chronic disease are insufficiently healthy to \u00a0participate in exercise and do not reap benefits from exercise. <strong>FALSE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 People with a disability or chronic disease are far <strong>less active<\/strong> than general \u00a0population and are at <strong>increased risk<\/strong> for secondary <strong>physical<\/strong> and <strong>psychological \u00a0<\/strong>health problems<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 23 \u00a0of people with disabilities are physically active 20 min-day, 3 days-week \u00a0versus 33 \u00a0of the general population<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 45 \u00a0of the US population have at least one chronic disease or disability<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Access to programs is a major barrier to physical activity for people with a disability<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>We need to create physical activity opportunities for people with special needs <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Key Take Home Point<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Adopting a physically active lifestyle can positively impact mortality and morbidity \u00a0rates for all individuals<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 So\u2026 how do we get people to start and stick with a more physically active lifestyle?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Emergence of Exercise Psychology<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cPhilosophy of physical fitness\u201d \u2013 since late 1700s<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cFitness craze\u201d \u2013 1970s and 1980s<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Increased emphasis on physical appearance<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 More recently, the realization that exercise can help reduce heightened levels of \u00a0stress<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Idea that individuals can play an active role in maintain-improving one\u2019s health<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Learning More about Exercise Psychology<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Databases<\/strong>: MEDLINE, PsycINFO<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Professional organizations<\/strong>: American College of Sports Medicine\u00a0 ACSM , \u00a0Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology\u00a0 SCAPPS \u00a0North \u00a0American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity\u00a0 NASPSPA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity\u00a0 ISBNPA<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Occupational Opportunities in Exercise Psychology<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Higher education<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Primary-secondary education<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Fitness and wellness<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Rehabilitation<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Business<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physical Activity Epidemiology Epidemic: Anything that affects a large number of people; study patterns of disease, risk \u00a0factors and causes Epidemiology: Study of epidemics; dealing with the incidence, distribution&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/physical-activity\/\">Continue Reading<span> Physical Activity<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[120],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4637"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4637"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4637\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4817,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4637\/revisions\/4817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}