{"id":4648,"date":"2018-12-16T10:46:47","date_gmt":"2018-12-16T15:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4648"},"modified":"2019-05-25T22:48:54","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T02:48:54","slug":"research-objectives-of-the-study-of-personality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/research-objectives-of-the-study-of-personality\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Objectives of the Study of Personality\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0 Are certain personality attributes antecedents<\/em> to physical activity-exercise \u00a0participation?<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Do certain personality attributes develop as a#consequence<\/em> of physical \u00a0activity-exercise participation?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Personality Defined <\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Underlying, relatively stable, psychological structures and processes that organize \u00a0human experience and shape a person\u2019s actions and reaction to the environment\u00a0 \u00a0– \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Individual\u2019s unique but consistent psychological makeup<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Structure of Personality\u00a0 According to Hollander, 1967\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n
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Personality core \u00a0o Developed form early environmental interactions<\/li>\n
Includes perceptions of external world and self, basic attitudes, values, interests, and motives<\/li>\n
Reflective of who we are; least amenable to change<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
Typical responses to situations \u00a0o Fairly predictable behaviors and reactions<\/li>\n
Role-related behaviors\u00a0 \u00a0o Variable, daily behaviors influenced b the particular context we are in \u00a0o Most easily changed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Approaches to the Study of Personality <\/strong><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Biological theories<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Dispositional-trait theories<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Learning-situational approaches<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Constitutional Theory \u2013 Somatotypes <\/strong><\/p>\n
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Individuals possess certain body types that predispose behavioral consistency \u00a0o Ectomorph:<\/strong> Tense, introverted, inhibited \u00a0o Endomorph<\/strong>: Affectionate, sociable, relaxed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
o Mesomorph:<\/strong> Adventurous, dominant, aggressive, risk-taking<\/p>\n
Person-Situation Debate<\/h2>\n
\n
Person perspective or trait approach: \u00a0o Personality is derived from stable, enduring attributes that lead to consistent \u00a0responses over time-situations<\/li>\n
Situation approach: \u00a0o Behavior is best explained by individual\u2019s reaction to environment<\/li>\n
Debate led to the interactionist#perspective<\/em> to studying personality: \u00a0o Both individuals and the situations in which they find themselves are \u00a0important in determining behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Trait Theories of Personality<\/h2>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emphasis is placed on the person rather than on the situation or the environment<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Traits are thought to reflect motivational systems that increase adaptation to \u00a0positive or negative stimuli<\/li>\n
Three related theories: \u00a0o Eysenck\u2019s personality theory \u00a0o Cattell\u2019s personality theory \u00a0o Five factor model<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Eysenck\u2019s Personality Theory<\/h2>\n
\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relationships between traits create superordinate trait dimensions<\/li>\n
Extroversion-Introversion E\u00a0 \u00a0o Neuroticism\u00a0 Emotionality -Stability\u00a0 N<\/li>\n
Psychoticism-Superego P<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Few people possess the traits that reflect the far ends of the dimensions<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Most people fall somewhere between the extremes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Eysenck\u2019s Framework and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n
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Leads to specific predictions in exercise setting for extroversion and neuroticism\u00a0 \u00a0o Extroversion:<\/strong> Exercise could lead to increased stimulation, and thus lead to \u00a0adoption-adherence to exercise routine<\/li>\n
Neuroticism:<\/strong> Exercise might contribute to more stable, less neurotic personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Research shows that personality can change as a result of regular physical activity \u2013 \u00a0reduced negative factors\u00a0 neuroticism\u00a0 and enhanced positive factors\u00a0 extroversion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Cattell\u2019s Personality Theory<\/h2>\n
\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Isolated 16 personality traits that he thought were the essential of personality<\/li>\n
16 Personality Factor questionnaire\u00a0 16PF\u00a0 \u2013 used in sport personality and exercise \u00a0studies<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 A major conceptual problem has been the difficulty in interpreting complicated \u00a0findings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Cattell\u2019s Personality Theory and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Individuals with high levels of fitness have lower anxiety and neuroticism; greater \u00a0emotional stability, placidity, and relaxation<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Individuals with lower levels of anxiety and neuroticism respond favorably to \u00a0intense physical training\u00a0 vigorous exercise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
The Five-Factor Model and Exercise Behavior<\/h2>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Neuroticism: C <\/strong>Exercise adherence, – self-reported exercise,\u00a0 – adaptive exercise \u00a0patterns, – advanced exercise stages, and + exercise dependence<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 ExtraversionCIntroversion: <\/strong>+ Moderate and strenuous exercise behavior, + self- reported exercise, + adaptive exercise patterns, + advanced stages, and + exercise \u00a0dependence<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Openness to Experience <\/strong><\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Agreeableness: <\/strong>– Exercise dependence<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Conscientiousness:<\/strong> + Self-reported exercise, + adaptive exercise patterns, + \u00a0advanced exercise stages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Exercise and the Big 5<\/h2>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Limited research<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Extraversion and conscientiousness seem to be associated with positive exercise \u00a0behaviors<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 The key personality trait explaining exercise participation may be a sub-trait of \u00a0extraversion called the activity trait<\/li>\n
The activity trait reflects a tendency to be busy, energetic, and to prefer fast-paced \u00a0living<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Intensity Preference and Tolerance<\/h2>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Intensity preference is a predisposition to select a particular exercise intensity when \u00a0given the opportunity<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Intensity tolerance is a trait that influences one\u2019s ability to keep exercising at an \u00a0imposed level of intensity even when the activity becomes uncomfortable\u00a0 \u00a0– \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Both constructs are associated with fitness level and exercise enjoyment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Coping in Sport and The Big Five <\/strong><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No relationship between the Big Five and stressor type<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Increased Stress Intensity\u00a0 Increased Neuroticism and Decreased Agreeableness<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lower Perceived Control\u00a0 Increased Neuroticism and Decreased Conscientiousness<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neuroticism appears to be an unsuitable dimension for competitive sport\u00a0 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Other Personality Factors in Exercise Research <\/strong><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sex-Role Orientation<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Type A Behavior Pattern<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Hardiness<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Self-Motivation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Sex Role Orientation and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n
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Masculinity\u00a0 M : <\/strong>Instrumental personality\u00a0 \u00a0o Risk-taking, independent, aggressive, competitive<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Femininity\u00a0 F : <\/strong>Expressive personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
o Understanding, sympathetic, affectionate, compassionate<\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Androgynous: <\/strong>Possesses high levels of both M and F<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Cross-gender activities are generally avoided by gender-typed individuals because of \u00a0psychological discomfort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Type A Behavior Pattern and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n
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\u00a0 \u00a0Coronary-prone personality<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anger-hostility are important features for increased risk of cardiovascular disease<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing this behavior pattern as well as \u00a0cardiovascular disease\u00a0 but results of studies are not uniform<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Type A: <\/strong>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, decreased adherence rates, increased \u00a0effort, increased intensity, increased physiological activation, decreased RPE, increased \u00a0stress responses, increased negative affective responses<\/p>\n
Type B: <\/strong>Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, increased adherence rates, decreased \u00a0effort, decreased intensity, decreased physiological activation, increased RPE, decreased \u00a0stress responses, decreased negative affective responses\u00a0 exact opposite of Type A<\/p>\n
Hardiness and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Characteristics:<\/h3>\n
o Sense of control over events \u00a0o Commitment, dedication, or involvement in everyday life \u00a0o Tendency to perceive life events as opportunities<\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Related to tendency to engage in more healthful behaviors, such as exercise<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Not clear if a hardy personality leads to exercise, or if exercise leads to a hardy \u00a0personality\u00a0 could even be cyclical<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Self-Motivation and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Psychobiological Model:<\/strong> Both biological factors\u00a0 body composition, body mass\u00a0 \u00a0and a psychological factor\u00a0 self-motivation<\/li>\n
Early predictions of model: \u00a0<\/strong>o Percentage of body fat and body mass would be negatively related to exercise \u00a0adherence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
o Self-motivation would be positively related to adherence<\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0 Subsequent research hasn\u2019t supported the model very well<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Practical Recommendations <\/strong><\/p>\n
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Individuals who seem to be more emotional-neurotic might be encouraged to begin \u00a0a regular exercise program \u00a0o \u201cExercise dose\u201d should be the same as would be given to improve fitness and \u00a0encourage weight loss<\/li>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Exercise programs should include some type of aerobic activity, since these activities \u00a0influence personality factors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00a0\u00a0 Are certain personality attributes antecedents to physical activity-exercise \u00a0participation? \u00a0\u00a0 Do certain personality attributes develop as a#consequence of physical \u00a0activity-exercise participation? Personality Defined \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Underlying, relatively stable,… Continue Reading Research Objectives of the Study of Personality\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[120],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4648"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4648"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4648\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4799,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4648\/revisions\/4799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4648"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4648"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4648"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}