<\/p>\n

Self-Esteem Defined<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
• \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The evaluative <\/strong>or affective<\/strong> consequences of one\u2019s self-concept<\/li>\n
• \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The extent to which one feels positive or negative about one\u2019s self-concept<\/li>\n
• \u00a0\u00a0 \u201cHow I feel about who I am\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

   <\/p>\n

  Significance of Self-Esteem <\/strong><\/p>\n

  \n
  • \u00a0\u00a0 SelfCesteem<\/strong> tops the lists of needs<\/strong> that make people happy<\/strong><\/li>\n
  • The greatest potential impact of physical activity ! increase of a participant\u2019s self- esteem<\/li>\n
  • \u00a0\u00a0 Since many people see self-esteem as a primary psychological need<\/strong> ! Promoting \u00a0that physical activity can enhance selfCesteem<\/strong> ! May be a strategy for improving \u00a0their activity levels<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Other Terms and Definitions <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
    • Other terms focus primarily on judgments of ability<\/strong> and potential success<\/strong> in \u00a0specific <\/strong>situations, activities-skills, or domains \u00a0o Perceived Competence:<\/strong> \u201cDo I consider myself an athlete?\u201d<\/li>\n
    • SelfCConfidence: <\/strong>\u201cWhile I feel capable of doing this activity, am I as capable doing another activity?\u201d<\/li>\n
    • SelfCEfficacy: <\/strong>\u201cWhile I feel capable of doing this activity in this situation, am I as capable doing it in a different situation?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Note:<\/em> Perceived Competence is the most general, and Self-Efficacy is the most specific.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Theoretical Foundations of Self-Concept-Self-Esteem <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
      • \u00a0\u00a0 Self-concept model\u00a0 Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton, 1976<\/li>\n
      • \u00a0\u00a0 Model of Exercise<\/strong> and Self-Esteem, With Hierarchically Organized Constructs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Sonstroem and Morgan, 1989\u00a0 \u00a0o Is not actually a model, more of a recipe for how to run the research<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Self-Concept Model <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
        • \u00a0\u00a0 General\u00a0 overall\u00a0 self-concept is an aggregate construct<\/strong> determined by judgments \u00a0of self-concept in a number of domains<\/li>\n
        • \u00a0General self-concept consists of two primary categories: \u00a0o Academic Self-Concept<\/li>\n
        • \u00a0\u00a0 The base level of the hierarchy is defined by one\u2019s behavior in specific situations <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Nonacademic Self-Concept<\/u><\/p>\n

          \n
          • Social SelfCConcept:<\/strong> Individual\u2019s estimate of their interaction with others, especially \u00a0family, peers, friends and partners \u00a0o \u201cI am a loner,\u201d and-or \u201cI like being in a relationship\u201d<\/li>\n
          • \u00a0\u00a0 Emotional SelfCConcept: <\/strong>Individual\u2019s estimate of their own emotional stress<\/li>\n
          • \u201cI am a generally happy personal,\u201d and-or \u201cI can get very angry\u201d<\/li>\n
          • Physical SelfCConcept: <\/strong>Individual\u2019s estimate of both general physical abilities and \u00a0physical appearance \u00a0o \u201cI suck at gymnastics,\u201d and-or \u201cI am a skinny person\u201d \u00a0o Our estimate of our physical ability is based on our perceptions of \u00a0successful-unsuccessful performance in various activities over a period of \u00a0time<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Activities must be \u201cweighted\u201d according to their value<\/strong> Ex: Bob\u2019s subjective \u00a0perception of what\u2019s important has more impact on Bob\u2019s formed self- concept<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Model of Exercise and Self-Esteem<\/h2>\n

            \n
            • \u00a0\u00a0 Horizontal Axis:<\/strong> Time and repetitions of interventions and measures<\/li>\n
            • \u00a0 Vertical Axis: <\/strong>Specific self-perceptions\u00a0 top\u00a0 and general self-perceptions\u00a0 base<\/li>\n
            • \u00a0\u00a0 Intervention: <\/strong>Altering physical interventions-measures in order to alter self- \u00a0perception and self-esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Proposed Model for Examining Exercise and Self-Esteem Interactions<\/u><\/p>\n

              \n
              • \u00a0\u00a0 Physical Acceptance: <\/strong>The extent to which an individual accepts who he-she is \u00a0physically<\/li>\n
              • \u00a0\u00a0 So without objective indicators<\/strong> of improved fitness ! SelfCesteem and physical \u00a0acceptance can improve,<\/strong> just based on the feeling one has that physical \u00a0competence has improved<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                Self-Esteem <\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
                • Which is more important to self-esteem: Objective<\/strong> or subjective<\/strong> changes to fitness? \u00a0o Only subjective perceptions<\/strong> of success are relevant to one\u2019s self- concept-self-esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  ” This can be confusing\u00a0 sometimes your own perception differs from \u00a0other\u2019s<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  How Do We Measure Self-Esteem? <\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                  • \u00a0\u00a0 Self-esteem and self-concept have traditionally been measured as uniCdimensional<\/strong>, \u00a0global constructs<\/li>\n
                  • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to access physical<\/u> construct of self-perception means less reliable data<\/li>\n
                  • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction of two physical self-perception measures: Physical Self-Perception<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Profile\u00a0 PSPP\u00a0 and Physical-Description Questionnaire\u00a0 PSDQ<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Physical Self-Perception Profile\u00a0 PSPP <\/u><\/p>\n

                    \n
                    • Valid and reliable instrument containing five subscales \u00a0o Sports Competence \u00a0o Physical Condition \u00a0o Body Attractiveness \u00a0o Physical Strength \u00a0o Physical Self-Worth<\/li>\n
                    • \u00a0\u00a0 Relatively short\u00a0 30 items , but limitations are that it takes a long time to apply, and \u00a0response to format is complex ! not to user-friendly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Physical Self-Description Questionnaire\u00a0 PSDQ <\/u><\/p>\n

                      \n
                      • \u00a0\u00a0 More comprehensive than PSPP: Measures global physical self-concept and self- esteem using subscales\u00a0 general health, coordination, physical activity participation, \u00a0body fat, sport competence, appearance, strength, flexibility, and endurance<\/li>\n
                      • \u00a0\u00a0 Single-statement items\u00a0 rating scale from 1-6, where 1 is false and 6 is true<\/li>\n
                      • \u00a0\u00a0 Somewhat long\u00a0 70 items<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        What Was Found With The Research?<\/u><\/p>\n

                        \n
                        • \u00a0\u00a0 Approximately \u00be of research studies support a positive association between \u00a0exercise and self-concept-self-esteem<\/li>\n
                        • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No studies have found a negative effect of exercise on self-concept-self-esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Body Image <\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                          • \u00a0\u00a0 Mental picture we form of our bodies<\/li>\n
                          • \u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWhat I look like\u201d<\/li>\n
                          • Is multidimensional and includes: \u00a0o Emotional<\/strong> consequence of body image \u00a0o \u201cBody esteem\u201d<\/li>\n
                          • Ex: One\u2019s perception of one\u2019s body elicits either pleasing-satisfying or \u00a0displeasing-dissatisfying feelings \u00a0o \u201cHow I feel about what I look like\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            What Influences Body Image?<\/u><\/p>\n

                            Body Image: Reality and Ideals<\/u><\/p>\n

                            \n
                            • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Body Reality:<\/strong> Actual physical characteristics<\/li>\n
                            • \u00a0\u00a0 Body Ideal:<\/strong> How we think our bodies should look like<\/li>\n
                            • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Healthy Body Image vs. Body Image Disturbance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              Statistics on Body Image<\/u><\/p>\n

                              \n
                              • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1973: 15\u00a0 of men, 25\u00a0 of women dissatisfied with appearance<\/li>\n
                              • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1997: 43\u00a0 of men, 56\u00a0 of women dissatisfied with appearance<\/li>\n
                              • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2006: 46\u00a0 of men, 59\u00a0 of women feel that their body is just \u201cokay\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                Measures of Body Image<\/u><\/p>\n

                                \n
                                • \u00a0\u00a0 Visual measures<\/li>\n
                                • \u00a0\u00a0 Morphing software to alter digitally a photographic image of a study participant ! \u00a0ability to distort arms, legs, torso, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  Cognitive Measures for Body Image<\/u><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                  • Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire\u00a0 MBSRQ , Cash, 2000 \u00a0o 10 subscales: Cognitions based on body\u2019s appearance, health and physical \u00a0functioning<\/li>\n
                                  • Scoring: 1-5 points from definitely disagree to definitely agree<\/li>\n
                                  • Critique:<\/strong> Doesn\u2019t assess men\u2019s body image concerns adequately most men\u2019s \u00a0concerns are about not being sufficiently muscular<\/strong>, compared to being thin \u00a0for women<\/li>\n
                                  • Drive for Muscularity Scale, McCreary and Sasse, 2000\n
                                    \n
                                    • Added on to the MBSRQ<\/li>\n
                                    • Includes 7 items to assess male body image cognitions about muscularity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      How Can Physical Exercise Influence Body Image?<\/u><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                      1. Improvement in physical fitness or performance objective<\/li>\n
                                      2. Increased self-efficacy subjective<\/li>\n
                                      3. Improvements in physical self-concept<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                         \n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They can be separate or go together-interact with each other \u00a0Physical Activity on Body Image Works, but Effects are Higher:<\/u><\/li>\n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For adults than university students or high-middle-elementary school students<\/li>\n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For overweight or obese people than normal weight<\/li>\n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0 For females than males<\/li>\n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0 With frequent exercise<\/li>\n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No difference for objective physical improvements<\/li>\n
                                         • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No difference for aerobic, resistance, or combined<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            <\/p>\n

                                           Self-Esteem + Body Image also Influence Physical Activity <\/u>!<\/u> Bidirectional<\/u><\/p>\n

                                           \n
                                           • \u00a0\u00a0 Higher self-esteem leads to more physical activity sessions per week<\/li>\n
                                           • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Specifically physical self-concept impacts physical activity participation<\/li>\n
                                           • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Body dissatisfaction is a motivator for starting to exercise<\/li>\n
                                           • But body dissatisfaction is not the same factor that keeps people from continuing to \u00a0exercise<\/li>\n
                                           • \u00a0\u00a0 Physical activity may increase body dissatisfaction through disappointment and \u00a0frustration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              <\/p>\n

                                             Practical Recommendations<\/u><\/p>\n

                                             \n
                                             • \u00a0\u00a0 Determine why<\/strong> an individual is interested in exercise regime; determine what \u00a0his-her goals are ! Intrinsic, self-determined pleasure is best<\/li>\n
                                             • \u00a0\u00a0 Conduct baseline<\/strong> health and fitness assessments, to provide feedback<\/strong> about \u00a0progress<\/li>\n
                                             • \u00a0\u00a0 Ensure that the exerciser feels a sense of accomplishment<\/strong> and personal control<\/strong> \u00a0regarding the exercise routine<\/li>\n
                                             • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Focus on effect and personal improvement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                               \u00a0\u00a0 The way in which we see or define ourselves \u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWho I am\u201d   Self-Esteem Defined \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The evaluative or affective consequences of one\u2019s self-concept \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The extent… Continue Reading Self-Concept<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[120],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4651"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4651"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4651\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4795,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4651\/revisions\/4795"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4651"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4651"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4651"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}