{"id":4651,"date":"2018-12-16T10:50:54","date_gmt":"2018-12-16T15:50:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4651"},"modified":"2019-05-25T22:46:32","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T02:46:32","slug":"self-concept","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/self-concept\/","title":{"rendered":"Self-Concept"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 The way in which we see or define ourselves<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWho I am\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Self-Esteem Defined<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The <strong>evaluative <\/strong>or <strong>affective<\/strong> consequences of one\u2019s self-concept<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The extent to which one feels positive or negative about one\u2019s self-concept<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cHow I feel about who I am\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Significance of Self-Esteem <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>SelfCesteem<\/strong> tops the <strong>lists of needs<\/strong> that make people <strong>happy<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The greatest potential impact of physical activity ! increase of a participant\u2019s self- esteem<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Since many people see self-esteem as a <strong>primary psychological need<\/strong> ! Promoting \u00a0that physical activity can <strong>enhance selfCesteem<\/strong> ! May be a strategy for <strong>improving \u00a0their activity levels<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other Terms and Definitions <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Other terms focus primarily on judgments of <strong>ability<\/strong> and <strong>potential success<\/strong> in \u00a0<strong>specific <\/strong>situations, activities-skills, or domains \u00a0o <strong>Perceived Competence:<\/strong> \u201cDo I consider myself an athlete?\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>SelfCConfidence: <\/strong>\u201cWhile I feel capable of doing this activity, am I as capable doing another activity?\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>SelfCEfficacy: <\/strong>\u201cWhile I feel capable of doing this activity in this situation, am I as capable doing it in a different situation?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> Perceived Competence is the most general, and Self-Efficacy is the most specific.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Theoretical Foundations of Self-Concept-Self-Esteem <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Self-concept model\u00a0 Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton, 1976<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Model of <strong>Exercise<\/strong> and Self-Esteem, With Hierarchically Organized Constructs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sonstroem and Morgan, 1989\u00a0 \u00a0o Is not actually a model, more of a recipe for how to run the research<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Self-Concept Model <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 General\u00a0 overall\u00a0 self-concept is an <strong>aggregate construct<\/strong> determined by judgments \u00a0of self-concept in a number of domains<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0General self-concept consists of two primary categories: \u00a0o Academic Self-Concept<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 The base level of the hierarchy is defined by one\u2019s behavior in <strong>specific situations <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>Nonacademic Self-Concept<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Social SelfCConcept:<\/strong> Individual\u2019s estimate of their interaction with others, especially \u00a0family, peers, friends and partners \u00a0o \u201cI am a loner,\u201d and-or \u201cI like being in a relationship\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Emotional SelfCConcept: <\/strong>Individual\u2019s estimate of their own emotional stress<\/li>\n<li>\u201cI am a generally happy personal,\u201d and-or \u201cI can get very angry\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Physical SelfCConcept: <\/strong>Individual\u2019s estimate of both general physical abilities and \u00a0physical appearance \u00a0o \u201cI suck at gymnastics,\u201d and-or \u201cI am a skinny person\u201d \u00a0o Our estimate of our physical ability is based on our perceptions of \u00a0successful-unsuccessful performance <strong>in various activities over a period of \u00a0time<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Activities must be <strong>\u201cweighted\u201d according to their value<\/strong> Ex: Bob\u2019s subjective \u00a0perception of what\u2019s important has more impact on Bob\u2019s formed self- concept<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Model of Exercise and Self-Esteem<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Horizontal Axis:<\/strong> Time and repetitions of interventions and measures<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 <strong>Vertical Axis: <\/strong>Specific self-perceptions\u00a0 top\u00a0 and general self-perceptions\u00a0 base<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Intervention: <\/strong>Altering physical interventions-measures in order to alter self- \u00a0perception and self-esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Proposed Model for Examining Exercise and Self-Esteem Interactions<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Physical Acceptance: <\/strong>The extent to which an individual accepts who he-she is \u00a0physically<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 So <strong>without objective indicators<\/strong> of improved fitness ! <strong>SelfCesteem and physical \u00a0acceptance can improve,<\/strong> just based on the feeling one has that <strong>physical \u00a0competence has improved<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Self-Esteem <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Which is more important to self-esteem: <strong>Objective<\/strong> or <strong>subjective<\/strong> changes to fitness? \u00a0o Only <strong>subjective perceptions<\/strong> of success are relevant to one\u2019s self- concept-self-esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8221; This can be confusing\u00a0 sometimes your own perception differs from \u00a0other\u2019s<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>How Do We Measure Self-Esteem? <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Self-esteem and self-concept have traditionally been measured as <strong>uniCdimensional<\/strong>, \u00a0global constructs<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to access <u>physical<\/u> construct of self-perception means less reliable data<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction of two physical self-perception measures: Physical Self-Perception<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Profile\u00a0 PSPP\u00a0 and Physical-Description Questionnaire\u00a0 PSDQ<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Physical Self-Perception Profile\u00a0 PSPP <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Valid and reliable instrument containing five subscales \u00a0o Sports Competence \u00a0o Physical Condition \u00a0o Body Attractiveness \u00a0o Physical Strength \u00a0o Physical Self-Worth<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Relatively short\u00a0 30 items , but limitations are that it takes a long time to apply, and \u00a0response to format is complex ! not to user-friendly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Physical Self-Description Questionnaire\u00a0 PSDQ <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 More comprehensive than PSPP: Measures global physical self-concept and self- esteem using subscales\u00a0 general health, coordination, physical activity participation, \u00a0body fat, sport competence, appearance, strength, flexibility, and endurance<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Single-statement items\u00a0 rating scale from 1-6, where 1 is false and 6 is true<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Somewhat long\u00a0 70 items<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>What Was Found With The Research?<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Approximately \u00be of research studies support a positive association between \u00a0exercise and self-concept-self-esteem<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No studies have found a negative effect of exercise on self-concept-self-esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Body Image <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Mental picture we form of our bodies<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWhat I look like\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Is multidimensional and includes: \u00a0o <strong>Emotional<\/strong> consequence of body image \u00a0o \u201cBody esteem\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Ex: One\u2019s perception of one\u2019s body elicits either pleasing-satisfying or \u00a0displeasing-dissatisfying feelings \u00a0o \u201cHow I feel about what I look like\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>What Influences Body Image?<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Body Image: Reality and Ideals<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Body Reality:<\/strong> Actual physical characteristics<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Body Ideal:<\/strong> How we think our bodies should look like<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Healthy Body Image vs. Body Image Disturbance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Statistics on Body Image<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1973: 15\u00a0 of men, 25\u00a0 of women dissatisfied with appearance<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1997: 43\u00a0 of men, 56\u00a0 of women dissatisfied with appearance<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2006: 46\u00a0 of men, 59\u00a0 of women feel that their body is just \u201cokay\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Measures of Body Image<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Visual measures<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Morphing software to alter digitally a photographic image of a study participant ! \u00a0ability to distort arms, legs, torso, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Cognitive Measures for Body Image<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire\u00a0 MBSRQ , Cash, 2000 \u00a0o 10 subscales: Cognitions based on body\u2019s appearance, health and physical \u00a0functioning<\/li>\n<li>Scoring: 1-5 points from definitely disagree to definitely agree<\/li>\n<li><strong>Critique:<\/strong> Doesn\u2019t assess men\u2019s body image concerns adequately most men\u2019s \u00a0concerns are about <strong>not being sufficiently muscular<\/strong>, compared to being thin \u00a0for women<\/li>\n<li>Drive for Muscularity Scale, McCreary and Sasse, 2000\n<ul>\n<li>Added on to the MBSRQ<\/li>\n<li>Includes 7 items to assess male body image cognitions about muscularity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>How Can Physical Exercise Influence Body Image?<\/u><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Improvement in physical fitness or performance objective<\/li>\n<li>Increased self-efficacy subjective<\/li>\n<li>Improvements in physical self-concept<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They can be separate or go together-interact with each other \u00a0<u>Physical Activity on Body Image Works, but Effects are Higher:<\/u><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For adults than university students or high-middle-elementary school students<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For overweight or obese people than normal weight<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 For females than males<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 With frequent exercise<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No difference for objective physical improvements<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No difference for aerobic, resistance, or combined<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Self-Esteem + Body Image also Influence Physical Activity <\/u><u>!<\/u><u> Bidirectional<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Higher self-esteem leads to more physical activity sessions per week<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Specifically physical self-concept impacts physical activity participation<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Body dissatisfaction is a motivator for starting to exercise<\/li>\n<li>But body dissatisfaction is not the same factor that keeps people from continuing to \u00a0exercise<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Physical activity may increase body dissatisfaction through disappointment and \u00a0frustration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Practical Recommendations<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Determine <strong>why<\/strong> an individual is interested in exercise regime; determine what \u00a0his-her goals are ! Intrinsic, self-determined pleasure is best<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Conduct <strong>baseline<\/strong> health and fitness assessments, to provide <strong>feedback<\/strong> about \u00a0progress<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure that the exerciser feels a sense of <strong>accomplishment<\/strong> and <strong>personal control<\/strong> \u00a0regarding the exercise routine<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Focus on effect and personal improvement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 The way in which we see or define ourselves \u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWho I am\u201d &nbsp; Self-Esteem Defined \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The evaluative or affective consequences of one\u2019s self-concept \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The extent&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/self-concept\/\">Continue Reading<span> Self-Concept<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[120],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4651"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4651"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4651\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4795,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4651\/revisions\/4795"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4651"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4651"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4651"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}